Diol-derived organofunctional silane and compositions containing same

ABSTRACT

Described are diol-derived organofunctional silanes in which the silanes contain cyclic and bridged alkoxy groups derived from hydrocarbon-based diols and methods for the preparation of the silanes. Also described are rubber compositions containing the diol-derived organofunctional silanes, methods for the preparation of the rubber compositions and articles of manufacture containing the rubber compositions, in particular, automotive tires and components thereof.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

A large body of prior art exists in conjunction with the composition ofmatter, preparation and uses of silane compounds and to a lesser extent,organofunctional silanes, in rubber and other applications. Forinstance, the prior art describes reactions of difunctional andtrifunctional methylsilanes with diols and triols. It is also known inthe art that when difunctional silanes are reacted with ethylene glycol,cyclic dimers are obtained although no cyclic monomers are reported. Inaddition, when other glycols are reacted with difunctional silanespolymers are obtained.

Also known in the art are bicyclic compounds prepared fromtetrafunctional silanes and glycols, as well as bicyclic compoundsprepared from dimethyldialkoxysilanes and pentaerythritol. However,these compounds do not have organofunctional groups on the silane andare not useful as coupling agents, crosslinkers or adhesion promoters.

The prior art describes cyclic compounds with dimethyldialkoxysilanesand dimethyl- and methylvinylalkoxysilanes with 2-butene-1,4-diol thatform a cyclic compound, which are used as parasiticides.

Furthermore, the transesterification of alkoxysilanes with ethyleneglycol to give non-cyclic silane compounds, which are soluble in waterand insoluble in benzene, is known in the art. These non-cyclic silanecompounds are used as masonry water repellents.

Also described in the prior art is the preparation of cyclic silanesfrom the reaction of dimethyldialkoxysilanes with glycerin. Thesematerials polymerize spontaneously at room temperature to give polymericmaterials with high viscosity.

Cyclic glycol esters of difunctional alkenyl silanes that are usefuladditives in the production of organopolysiloxane adhesive compositionshave also been described in the art.

The above-mentioned prior art does not address the use of silanecontaining organofunctional groups with reduced volatile organiccompound, referred herein as VOC, or no VOC by the use of heterocyclicsilicon groups. Accordingly, there exists a need for improved silanes.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

In accordance with one embodiment of the present invention, a silanecomposition is provided comprising:

[Y[-G(-SiX_(u)Z^(b) _(v)Z^(c) _(w))_(s)]_(r)]_(n)   (Formula 1)

wherein each occurrence of G is independently chosen from a set ofgroups comprising a polyvalent group derived by substitution of one ormore hydrogen atoms of an alkyl, alkenyl, aryl or aralkyl group, or amolecular component which can be obtained by removal of one or morehydrogen atoms of a heterocarbon, with G containing from about 1 toabout 30 carbon atoms; each occurrence of X is independently selectedfrom the group consisting of —Cl, —Br, R¹O—, R¹C(═O)O—, R¹R²C═NO—,R¹R²NO— or R¹R²N—, —R¹, —(OSiR¹R²)_(t)(OSiR¹R²R³), and—O(R¹⁰CR¹¹)_(f)OH, wherein each occurrence of R¹, R², R³, R¹⁰, and R¹¹is independently R; each occurrence of Z^(b) is independently(—O—)_(0.5), and [—O(R¹⁰CR¹¹)_(f)O—]_(0.5), wherein each occurrence ofR¹⁰ and R¹¹ is independently R; each occurrence of Z^(c) isindependently given by —O(R¹⁰CR¹¹)_(f)O— wherein each occurrence of R⁰and R⁰⁰ is independently R; each occurrence of R is chosen independentlyfrom the set of groups comprising hydrogen; straight, cyclic or branchedalkyl groups and may contain unsaturated, alkenyl groups, aryl groups,and aralkyl groups; or molecular components obtained by removal of oneor more hydrogen atoms of a heterocarbon; each occurrence of Rcontaining 1 to about 20 carbon atoms; each occurrence of the subscriptf is an integer from 1 to about 15, each occurrence of n is an integerfrom 1 to about 100, with the proviso that when n is greater than 1, vis a greater than 0 and all the valences for Z^(b) have a silicon atombonded to them, each occurrence of the subscript u is an integer from 0to about 3, each occurrence of the subscript v is an integer from 0 toabout 3, each occurrence of the subscript w is an integer from 0 toabout 1, with the proviso that u+v+2w=3, each occurrence of thesubscript r is an integer from 1 to about 6, each occurrence of thesubscript t is an integer from 0 to about 50, and each occurrence of thesubscript s is an integer from 1 to about 6; and each occurrence of Y isan organofunctional group of valence r; and at least one cyclic andbridging dialkoxy organofunctional silane comprising the cyclic andbridging dialkoxy organofunctional silane composition containing atleast one occurrence of Z^(b) or Z^(c).

In accordance with a second embodiment of the present invention, aprocess for the preparation of a silane composition is providedcomprising reacting at least one organofunctional silane with a diol inthe presence or absence of catalyst to provide a diol-derivedorganofunctional silane.

In accordance with a third embodiment of the present invention, a rubbercomposition is provided comprising (a) a rubber component; (b) a filler;and (c) at least one silane composition of the general formula

[Y[-G(-SiX_(u)Z^(b) _(v)Z^(c) _(w))_(s)]_(r)]_(n)   (Formula 1)

wherein Y, G, X, u, Z^(b), v, Z^(c), w, s, n and r have the aforestatedmeanings.

In accordance with a fourth embodiment of the present invention, aprocess for preparing a rubber composition is provided comprising addingto a rubber composition reaction-forming mixture an effective amount ofat least one silane composition of the general formula

[Y[-G(-SiX_(u)Z^(b) _(v)Z^(c) _(w))_(s)]_(r)]_(n)   (Formula 1)

wherein Y, G, X, u, Z^(b), v, Z^(c), w, s, n and r have the aforestatedmeanings.

In accordance with a fifth embodiment of the present invention, articlesof manufacture, in particular automotive tires and tire treads, aredescribed as manufactured with a rubber composition herein.

In accordance with a sixth embodiment of the present invention, thesilane compounds of the general formula

[Y[-G(-SiX_(u)Z^(b) _(v)Z^(c) _(w))_(s)]_(r)]_(n)   (Formula 1)

wherein Y, G, X, u, Z^(b), v, Z^(c), w, s, n and r have the aforestatedmeanings are useful as crosslinkers, coupling agents, adhesion promotersand as filler treating agents. Illustrative compositions into which thesilane compounds may be incorporated include rubber, industrial andarchitectural coatings, wood coatings, hard coats, adhesion promotingprimers for paints or adhesives, UV or EB cured acrylic coatings,adhesives and sealants, polyester resin systems used to form reinforcedcomposites with fiberglass, carbon or polyphenylene terephalamide(Kevlar™, E.I. DuPont, Wilm., Del.) reinforcements, room temperaturevulcanizable (RTV) silicones, and generally in any application where anorganofunctional silane would be used. As is clear to one of ordinaryskill in the art, there is a vast array of applications of the presentinvention in rubber, coating, sealant, adhesives, masonry sealers,fiberglass binders and sizes, inks and other systems that typically useorganofunctional silanes.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

Group Y herein includes univalent organofunctional groups (r=1),divalent organofunctional groups (r=2), trivalent organofunctionalgroups (r=3), tetravalent organofunctional groups (r=4), as well asorganofunctional groups of higher valency, herein referred to aspolyvalent organofunctional groups. The term polyvalent organofunctionalgroup herein shall be understood to include univalent, divalent,trivalent, and tetravalent organofunctional groups.

Another embodiment of the present invention herein includes univalentorganofunctional groups such as mercapto and acyloxy groups such asacryloxy, methacryloxy and acetoxy. Another embodiment of the presentinvention herein includes univalent epoxys such as glycidoxy,—O—CH₂—C₂H₃O; epoxycyclohexylethyl, —CH₂—CH₂—C₆H₉O; epoxycyclohexyl,—C₆H₉O; epoxy, —CR⁶(—O—)CR⁴R⁵. Another embodiment of the presentinvention herein includes univalent organofunctional groups such ashydroxy, carbamate, —NR⁴C(═O)OR⁵; urethane, —OC(═O)NR⁴R⁵; thiocarbamate,—NR⁴C(═O)SR⁵; thiourethane, —SC(═O)NR⁴R⁵; thionocarbamate, —NR⁴C(═S)OR⁵;thionourethane, —OC(═S)NR⁴R⁵; dithiocarbamate, —NR⁴C(═S)SR⁵; anddithiourethane, —SC(═S)NR⁴R⁵. Another embodiment of the presentinvention herein includes univalent organofunctional groups such asmaleimide; maleate and substituted maleate; fumurate and substitutedfumurate; nitrile, CN; citraconimide. Another embodiment of the presentinvention herein includes univalent organofunctional groups such ascyanate, —OCN; isocyanate, —N═C═O; thiocyanate, —SCN; isothiocyanate,—N═C═S; and ether, —OR⁴. Another embodiment of the present inventionherein includes univalent organofunctional groups such as fluoro, —F;chloro, —Cl; bromo, —Br; iodo, —I; and thioether, —SR⁴. Anotherembodiment of the present invention herein includes univalentorganofunctional groups such as disulfide, —S—SR⁴; trisulfide, —S—S—SR⁴;tetrasulfide, —S—S—S—SR⁴; pentasulfide, —S—S—S—S—SR⁴; hexasulfide,—S—S—S—S—S—SR⁴; and polysulfide, —S_(x)R⁴. Another embodiment of thepresent invention herein includes univalent organofunctional groups suchas xanthate, —SC(═S)OR⁴; trithiocarbonate, —SC(═S)SR⁴; dithiocarbonate,—SC(═O)SR⁴; ureido, —NR⁴C(═O)NR⁵R⁶; thionoureido (also better known asthioureido), —NR⁴C(═S)NR⁵R⁶; amide, R⁴C(═O)NR⁵— and —C(═O)NR⁴R⁵—;thionoamide (also better known as thioamide), R⁴C(═S)NR⁴—; univalentmelamino; and, univalent cyanurato. Another embodiment of the presentinvention herein includes univalent organofunctional groups such asprimary amino, —NH₂; secondary amino, —NHR⁴; and tertiary amino,—NR⁴R⁵.univalent diamino, —NR⁴-L¹-NR⁵R⁶; univalent triamino,—NR⁴-L¹(-NR⁵R⁶)₂ and —NR⁴-L¹-NR⁵-L²-NR⁶R⁷; and univalent tetraamino,—NR⁴-L¹(-NR⁵R⁶)₃, —NR^(4-L) ¹-NR⁵-L²-NR⁶-L³-NR⁷R⁸, and—NR⁴-L¹-N(-L²NR⁵R⁶)₂; wherein each occurrence of L¹, L², and L³ isselected independently from the set of structures given above for G;each occurrence of R⁴, R⁵, R⁶, R⁷ and R⁸ is independently given by oneof the structures listed above for R; and each occurrence of thesubscript, x, is independently given by x is 1 to 10.

Another embodiment of the present invention herein includes divalentorganofunctional groups such as epoxy, -(−)C(—O—)CR⁴R⁵ and—CR⁵(—O—)CR⁴—. Another embodiment of the present invention hereinincludes divalent organofunctional groups such as carbamate, -(−)NC(═O)OR⁵; urethane, —OC(═O)NR⁴—; thiocarbamate, -(−) NC(═O)SR⁵;thiourethane, —SC(═O)NR⁴—; thionocarbamate, -(−)NC(═S)OR⁵;thionourethane, —OC(═S)NR⁴—; dithiocarbamate, -(−) NC(═S)SR⁵;dithiourethane, —SC(═S)NR⁴—; and ether, —O—. Another embodiment of thepresent invention herein includes divalent organofunctional groups suchas maleate and substituted maleate; fumurate and substituted fumurate.Another embodiment of the present invention herein includes thioether,—S—; disulfide, —S—S—; trisulfide, —S—S—S—; tetrasulfide, —S—S—S—S—;pentasulfide, —S—S—S—S—S—; hexasulfide, —S—S—S—S—S—S—; and polysulfide,—S_(x)—. Another embodiment of the present invention herein includesdivalent organofunctional groups such as xanthate, —SC(═S)O—;trithiocarbonate, —SC(═S)S—; dithiocarbonate, —SC(═O)S—; ureido, -(−)NC(═O)NR⁴R⁵ and —NR⁴C(═O)NR⁵—; thionoureido, also better known asthioureido, -(−) NC(═S)NR⁴R⁵ and —NR⁴C(═S)NR⁵—; amide, R⁴C(═O)N(−)- and—C(═O)NR⁴—; thionoamide, also better known as thioamide, R⁴C(═S)N(−)-;divalent melamino; divalent cyanurato. Another embodiment of the presentinvention herein includes divalent organofunctional groups such assecondary amino, —NH—; tertiary amino, —NR⁴—; divalent diamino,-(−)N-L¹-NR⁴R⁵ and —NR⁴-L¹-NR⁵—; divalent triamino, (−) NR⁴)₂-L¹-NR⁵R⁶,-(−)N-L¹-NR⁵-L²-NR⁶R⁷, —NR⁴-L¹-N(−)-L²-NR⁵R⁶, and —NR⁴-L¹-NR⁵-L²-NR⁶—;and divalent tetraamino, -(−)N-L¹-(NR⁵R⁶)₃, (—NR⁴)₂-L¹-(NR⁵R⁶)₂, -(−)N-L¹-NR⁴-L²-NR⁵-L³-NR⁶R⁷, —NR⁴-L¹-N(−)-L²-NR⁵-L³-NR⁶R⁷,—NR⁴-L¹-NR⁵-L²-N(−)-L³-NR⁶R⁷, —NR⁴-L¹-NR⁵-L²-NR⁶-L³-NR⁷—,-(−)N-L¹-N(-L²NR⁵R⁶)₂, and (—NR⁴-L¹-)₂N-L²NR⁵R⁶; wherein each occurrenceof L¹, L², and L³ is selected independently from the set of structuresgiven above for G; each occurrence of R⁴, R⁵, R⁶, and R⁷ isindependently given by one of the structures listed above for R; andeach occurrence of the subscript, x, is independently given by x is 1 to10.

Another embodiment of the present invention herein includes trivalentorganofunctional groups such as epoxy, -(−)C(—O—)CR⁴—. Anotherembodiment of the present invention herein includes trivalentorganofunctional groups such as hereincarbamate, -(−) NC(═O)O—;thiocarbamate, -(−) NC(═O)S—; thionocarbamate, -(−)NC(═S)O—; anddithiocarbamate, -(−)NC(═S)S—. ureido, -(−) NC(═O)NR⁴—; thionoureido,also better known as thioureido, -(−)NC(═S)NR⁴—; amide, —C(═O)N (−)-;thionoamide, also better known as thioamide, —C(═S)N(−)-; trivalentmelamino; and trivalent cyanurato. Another embodiment of the presentinvention herein includes trivalent organofunctional groups such astertiary amino, —N(−)-; trivalent diamino, -(−)N-L¹-NR⁴—; trivalenttriamino, (—NR⁴)₃-L¹, (—NR⁴)₂-L¹-NR⁵—, -(−)N-L¹-N(−)-L²-NR³R⁴,—NR⁴-L¹-N(−)-L²-NR⁵—, and -(−)N-L¹-NR⁴-L²-NR⁵—; and trivalenttetraamino, -(−)N-L¹-N(−)-L²-NR⁵-L³-NR³R⁴,—NR⁴-L¹-N(−)-L²-N(−)-L³-NR³R⁴, -(−)N-L¹-NR⁵-L²-N(−)-L³-NR³R⁴,—NR⁴-L¹-N(−)-L²-NR³-L³-NR⁴—, -(−)N-L¹-N(-L²NR³R⁴)(-L²NR⁵—), and(—NR⁴L¹-)₃N; wherein each occurrence of L¹, L², and L³ is selectedindependently from the set of structures given above for G; and eachoccurrence of R⁴, R⁵, and R⁶ is independently given by one of thestructures listed above for R.

Another embodiment of the present invention herein includes tetravalentorganofunctional group such as epoxy, -(−)C(—O—)C(−)-; Anotherembodiment of the present invention herein includes tetravalentorganofunctional groups such as ureido, -(−)NC(═O)N(−)-; thionoureido(also better known as thioureido), -(−)NC(═S)N(−)-; and tetravalentmelamino. Another embodiment of the present invention herein includestetravalent organofunctional groups tetravalent diamino, -(−)N-L¹-N(−)-;tetravalent triamino, (—NR⁴)₄-L¹, (—NR⁴)₂-L¹-N(−)-,-(−)N-L¹-N(−)-L²-NR³—, and -(−)N-L¹-NR⁴-L²(−)-; and tetravalenttetraamino, -(−)N-L¹-N(−)-L²-N(−)-L³-NR⁴R³,—NR⁴-L¹-N(−)-L²-N(−)-L³-NR³—, -(−)N-L¹-NR⁴-L²-NR³-L³-N(−)-, and-(−)N-L¹-N(-L²NR³—)₂; wherein each occurrence of L¹, L², and L³ isselected independently from the set of structures given above for G; andeach occurrence of R⁴ and R⁵ is independently given by one of thestructures listed above for R.

Another embodiment of the present invention herein includes polyvalentorganofunctional groups such as, but is not limited to, polyvalenthydrocarbon groups; pentavalent melamino, (—NR³)(—N—)₂C₃N₃; hexavalentmelamino, (—N—)₃C₃N₃; pentavalent triamino, -(−)N-L¹-N(−)-L²-N(−)-;pentavalent tetraamino, -(−)N-L¹-N(−)-L²-N(−)-L³-NR³—,-(−)N-L¹-NR³-L²-N(−)-L³-N(−)-, and [-(−)N-L¹-]₂N-L²NR³—; and hexavalenttetraamino, -(−)N-L¹-N(−)-L²-N(−)-L³-N(−)- and [-(−)N-L¹-]₃N; whereineach occurrence of L¹, L², and L³ is selected independently from the setof structures given above for G; and each occurrence of R⁴ isindependently given by one of the structures listed above for R.

As used herein, diol, hydrocarbon diol, and difunctional alcohol referto any structure given by Formula 2:

HO(R¹⁰CR¹¹)_(f)OH   (Formula 2)

wherein f, R¹⁰, and R¹¹ are as defined above. These structures representhydrocarbons or heterocarbons in which two hydrogen atoms are replacedwith OH in accordance with the structures drawn in Formula 2. As usedherein, dialkoxy and difunctional alkoxy refer to any hydrocarbon diol,as defined herein, in which the hydrogen atoms of the two OH groups havebeen removed to a give divalent radical, and whose structure is given byFormula 3:

—O(R¹⁰CR¹¹)_(f)O—  (Formula 3)

wherein f, R¹⁰, and R¹¹ are as defined above. As used herein, cyclicdialkoxy refers to a silane or group in which cyclization is aboutsilicon, by two oxygen atoms each attached to a common divalenthydrocarbon or heterocarbon group, such as is commonly found in diols.Cyclic dialkoxy groups herein are represented by Z^(c). As used herein,bridging dialkoxy refers to a silane or group in which two differentsilicon atoms are each bound to one oxygen atom, which is in turn boundto a common divalent hydrocarbon or heterocarbon group as definedherein, such as is commonly found in diols. Bridging dialkoxy groupsherein are represented by Z^(b). As used herein, cyclic and bridgingrefers to a silane or group encompassing cyclic only, without bridging;bridging only, without cyclic; and any combination of both cyclic andbridging. Thus, a cyclic and bridging silane could mean, for example, asilane with a silicon atom bound to a cyclic dialkoxy group, a silanewith a silicon atom not bound to a cyclic dialkoxy group and bound tobridging dialkoxy group(s) only, a silane with silicon bound to both oneend of a bridging dialkoxy group and both ends of a cyclic dialkoxygroup, a silane with a silicon atom not bound at all to a dialkoxy group(as long as at least one other silicon atom in the same molecule isbound to at least one cyclic or bridging dialkoxy group), etc. As usedherein, hydrocarbon based diols refer to diols, which contain two OHgroups on a hydrocarbon or heterocarbon structure. The term,“hydrocarbon based diol”, refers to the fact that the backbone betweenthe two oxygen atoms consists entirely of carbon atoms, carbon-carbonbonds between the carbon atoms, and two carbon-oxygen bonds encompassingthe alkoxy ends. The heterocarbons in the structure occur pendent to thecarbon backbone.

The structures given by Formula 2 will herein be referred to as theappropriate diol, in a few specific cases, glycol is the more commonlyused term, prefixed by the particular hydrocarbon or heterocarbon groupassociated with the two OH groups. Examples include neopentylglycol,1,3-butanediol, and 2-methyl-2,4-pentanediol. The groups whosestructures are given by Formula 3 will herein be referred to as theappropriate dialkoxy, prefixed by the particular hydrocarbon orheterocarbon group associated with the two OH groups. Thus, for example,the diols, neopentylglycol, 1,3-butanediol, and 2-methyl-2,4-pentanediolcorrespond herein to the dialkoxy groups, neopentylglycoxy,1,3-butanedialkoxy, and 2-methyl-2,4-pentanedialkoxy, respectively.

The cyclic and bridging dialkoxy organofunctional silanes used herein,in which the silane is derived from a diol, commonly referred to as aglycol, are correspondingly glycoxysilane. Also, the cyclic and bridgingorganofunctional dialkoxy silanes used herein, in which the silane isderived from a diol, commonly referred to as a diol, are correspondinglynamed dialkoxysilane.

As used herein, the notations, (—O—)_(0.5) and[—O(R¹⁰CR¹¹)_(f)O—]_(0.5), refer to one half of a siloxane group,Si—O—Si, and one half of a bridging dialkoxy group, respectively. Thesenotations are used in conjunction with a silicon atom and they are takenherein to mean one half of an oxygen atom, namely, the half bound to theparticular silicon atom, or to one half of a dialkoxy group, namely, thehalf bound to the particular silicon atom, respectively. It isunderstood that the other half of the oxygen atom or dialkoxy group andits bond to silicon occurs somewhere else in the overall molecularstructure being described. Thus, the (—O—)_(0.5) siloxane groups and the[—O(R¹⁰CR¹¹)_(f)O—]_(0.5) dialkoxy groups mediate the chemical bondsthat hold two separate silicon atoms together, whether these two siliconatoms occur intermolecularly or intramolecularly. In the case of[—O(R¹⁰CR¹¹)_(f)O—]_(0.5), if the hydrocarbon group, (R¹⁰CR¹¹)_(f), isunsymmetrical, either end of [—O(R¹⁰CR¹¹)_(f)O—]_(0.5) may be bound toeither of the two silicon atoms required to complete the structuresgiven in Formula 1.

As used herein, alkyl includes straight, branched and cyclic alkylgroups; alkenyl includes any straight, branched, or cyclic alkenyl groupcontaining one or more carbon-carbon double bonds, where the point ofsubstitution can be either at a carbon-carbon double bond or elsewherein the group. Also, alkynyl includes any straight, branched, or cyclicalkynyl group containing one or more carbon-carbon triple bonds andoptionally also one or more carbon-carbon double bonds as well, wherethe point of substitution can be either at a carbon-carbon triple bond,a carbon-carbon double bond, or elsewhere in the group. Specificexamples of alkyls include methyl, ethyl, propyl, isobutyl. Specificexamples of alkenyls include vinyl, propenyl, allyl, methallyl,ethylidenyl norbornane, ethylidene norbornyl, ethylidenyl norbornene andethylidene norbornenyl. Specific examples of alkynyls includeacetylenyl, propargyl and methylacetylenyl.

As used herein, aryl includes any aromatic hydrocarbon from which onehydrogen atom has been removed; aralkyl includes any of theaforementioned alkyl groups in which one or more hydrogen atoms havebeen substituted by the same number of like and/or different aryl (asdefined herein) substituents; and arenyl includes any of theaforementioned aryl groups in which one or more hydrogen atoms have beensubstituted by the same number of like and/or different alkyl (asdefined herein) substituents. Specific examples of aryls include phenyland naphthalenyl. Specific examples of aralkyls include benzyl andphenethyl. Specific examples of arenyls include tolyl and xylyl.

As used herein, cyclic alkyl, cyclic alkenyl and cyclic alkynyl alsoinclude bicyclic, tricyclic, and higher cyclic structures, as well asthe aforementioned cyclic structures further substituted with alkyl,alkenyl and/or alkynyl groups. Representive examples include norbornyl,norbornenyl, ethylnorbornyl, ethylnorbornenyl, ethylcyclohexyl,ethylcyclohexenyl, cyclohexylcyclohexyl, and cyclododecatrienyl.

As used herein, the term, heterocarbon, refers to any hydrocarbonstructure in which the carbon-carbon bonding backbone is interrupted bybonding to atoms of nitrogen and/or oxygen; or in which thecarbon-carbon bonding backbone is interrupted by bonding to groups ofatoms containing nitrogen and/or oxygen, such as cyanurate (C₃N₃O₃).Thus, heterocarbons include, but are not limited to branched,straight-chain, cyclic and/or polycyclic aliphatic hydrocarbons,optionally containing ether functionality via oxygen atoms each of whichis bound to two separate carbon atoms, tertiary amine functionality vianitrogen atoms each of which is bound to three separate carbon atoms,melamino groups and/or cyanurate groups; aromatic hydrocarbons; andarenes derived by substitution of the aforementioned aromatics withbranched or straight chain alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl and/or aralkylgroups.

Representative examples of G include —(CH₂)_(m)— wherein m is 1 to 12;diethylene cyclohexane; 1,2,4-triethylene cyclohexane; diethylenebenzene; phenylene; —(CH₂)_(p)— wherein p is 1 to 20, which representthe terminal straight-chain alkyls further substituted terminally at theother end, such as —CH₂—, —CH₂CH₂—, —CH₂CH₂CH₂—, and—CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂—, and their beta-substituted analogs, such as—CH₂(CH₂)_(q)CH(CH₃)—, where q is zero to 17; —CH₂CH₂C(CH₃)₂CH₂—; thestructure derivable from methallyl chloride, —CH₂CH(CH₃)CH₂—; any of thestructures derivable from divinylbenzene, such as —CH₂CH₂(C₆H₄)CH₂CH₂—and —CH₂CH₂(C₆H₄)CH(CH₃)—, where the notation C₆H₄ denotes adisubstituted benzene ring; any of the structures derivable fromdipropenylbenzene, such as —CH₂CH(CH₃)(C₆H₄)CH(CH₃)CH₂—, where thenotation C₆H₄ denotes a disubstituted benzene ring; any of thestructures derivable from butadiene, such as —CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂—,—CH₂CH₂CH(CH₃)—, and —CH₂CH(CH₂CH₃)—; any of the structures derivablefrom piperylene, such as —CH₂CH₂CH₂CH(CH₃)—, —CH₂CH₂CH(CH₂CH₃)—, and—CH₂CH(CH₂CH₂CH₃)—; any of the structures derivable from isoprene, suchas —CH₂CH(CH₃)CH₂CH₂—, —CH₂CH(CH₃)CH(CH₃)—, —CH₂C(CH₃)(CH₂CH₃)—,—CH₂CH₂CH(CH₃)CH₂—, —CH₂CH₂C(CH₃)₂— and —CH₂CH[CH(CH₃)₂]—; any of theisomers of —CH₂CH₂-norbornyl-, —CH₂CH₂-cyclohexyl-; any of thediradicals obtainable from norbornane, cyclohexane, cyclopentane,tetrahydrodicyclopentadiene, or cyclododecene by loss of two hydrogenatoms; the structures derivable from limonene,—CH₂CH(4-methyl-1-C₆H₉—)CH₃, where the notation C₆H₉ denotes isomers ofthe trisubstituted cyclohexane ring lacking substitution in the 2position; any of the monovinyl-containing structures derivable fromtrivinylcyclohexane, such as —CH₂CH₂(vinylC₆H₉)CH₂CH₂— and—CH₂CH₂(vinylC₆H₉)CH(CH₃)—, where the notation C₆H₉ denotes any isomerof the trisubstituted cyclohexane ring; any of the monounsaturatedstructures derivable from myrcene containing a trisubstituted C═C, suchas —CH₂CH[CH₂CH₂CH═C(CH₃)₂]CH₂CH₂—, —CH₂CH[CH₂CH₂CH═C(CH₃)₂]CH(CH₃)—,—CH₂C[CH₂CH₂CH═C(CH₃)₂](CH₂CH₃)—, —CH₂CH₂CH[CH₂CH₂CH═C(CH₃)₂]CH₂—,—CH₂CH₂(C—)(CH₃)[CH₂CH₂CH═C(CH₃)₂], and—CH₂CH[CH(CH₃)[CH₂CH₂CH═C(CH₃)₂]]—; and any of the monounsaturatedstructures derivable from myrcene lacking a trisubstituted C═C, such as—CH₂CH(CH═CH₂)CH₂CH₂CH₂C(CH₃)₂—, —CH₂CH(CH═CH₂)CH₂CH₂CH[CH(CH₃)₂]—,—CH₂C(═CH—CH₃)CH₂CH₂CH₂C(CH₃)₂—, —CH₂C(═CH—CH₃)CH₂CH₂CH[CH(CH₃)₂]—,—CH₂CH₂C(═CH₂)CH₂CH₂CH₂C(CH₃)₂—, —CH₂CH₂C(═CH₂)CH₂CH₂CH[CH(CH₃)₂]—,—CH₂CH═C(CH₃)₂CH₂CH₂CH₂C(CH₃)₂—, and —CH₂CH═C(CH₃)₂CH₂CH₂CH[CH(CH₃)₂].

Representative examples of R groups are H, branched and straight-chainalkyls of 1 to 20 carbon atoms such as methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl,butyl, octenyl, cyclohexyl, phenyl, benzyl, tolyl, allyl, methoxyethyl,ethoxyethyl dimethylaminoethyl, cyanoethyl, and the like. In anotherembodiment, representative R¹⁰ and R¹¹ groups are hydrogen, methyl, andethyl, of which hydrogen and methyl are most preferred. In yet anotherembodiment, representative R¹ and R² groups can be hydrogen, methyl,ethyl, propyl. In still another embodiment, representative examples ofR³, R⁴, R⁵, R⁶, R⁷, and R⁸ groups can be H₂, C₁ to C₄ straight chain orbranched alkyls such as methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl,isobutyl, pentyl, hexyl, heptyl, octyl, and aryl such as phenyl, benzyl,etc.

Specific examples of X are methoxy, ethoxy, propoxy, isopropoxy,isobutoxy, acetoxy, methoxyethoxy, and oximato, as well as themonovalent alkoxy groups derived from diols, known as “dangling diols”,specifically, groups containing an alcohol and an alkoxy, such as—O—CH₂CH—OH), such as ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, neopentylglycol, 1,3-propanediol, 2-methyl-1,3-propanediol, 1,3-butanediol,2-methyl-2,4-pentanediol, 1,4-butanediol, cyclohexane dimethanol, andpinacol. In another embodiment, specific examples of X are methoxy,acetoxy and ethoxy, as well as the monovalent alkoxy groups derived fromthe diols, ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, neopentyl glycol,1,3-propanediol, 2-methyl-1,3-propanediol, 1,3-butanediol, and2-methyl-2,4-pentanediol.

Specific examples of Z^(b) and Z^(c) can be the divalent alkoxy groupsderived from diols, such as ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, neopentylglycol, 1,3-propanediol, 2-methyl-1,3-propanediol, 1,3-butanediol,2-methyl-2,4-pentanediol, 1,4-butanediol, cyclohexane dimethanol, andpinacol. In another embodiment, specific examples of Z^(b) and Z^(c) arethe divalent alkoxy groups derived from the diols such as ethyleneglycol, propylene glycol, neopentyl glycol, 1,3-propanediol,2-methyl-1,3-propanediol, 1,3-butanediol, and 2-methyl-2,4-pentanediolare preferred. The divalent alkoxy groups derived from the diols,1,3-propanediol, 2-methyl-1,3-propanediol, 1,3-butanediol, and2-methyl-2,4-pentanediol. The bridging (Z^(b)) content of the cyclic andbridging organofunctional silane compositions herein must be keptsufficiently low to prevent excessive average molecular weights andcrosslinking, which would lead to gelation.

Additional embodiments are wherein v and w in Formulas 1 can be suchthat the ratio of w/v is between 1 and 9; X is RO—, RC(═O)O—; Z^(b) andZ^(c) can be derived from the diols, 1,3-propanediol,2-methyl-1,3-propanediol, 1,3-butanediol, 2-methyl-2,4-pentanediol; R isalkyls of C₁ to C₄ and H; and G is a divalent straight chain alkyl of 2to 18 carbon atoms. Other embodiments include those wherein w/v isbetween 2 and 8; X is ethoxy or one or more of the dangling diolsderived from the diols, 1,3-propanediol, 2-methyl-1,3-propanediol,1,3-butanediol, and 2-methyl-2,4-pentanediol; and G is a C₂-C₁₂straight-chain alkyl derivative. Another embodiment are wherein v inFormula 1 is 0; X is RO—, RC(═O)O—; R is alkyls of C₁ to C₄ and H; and Gis a divalent straight chain alkyl of 2 to 18 carbon atoms.

Representative examples of the cyclic and bridging dialkoxyorganofunctional silanes described in the present invention include2-(2-methyl-2,4 pentanedialkoxyethoxysilyl)-1-propyl amine;2-(2-methyl-2,4-pentanedialkoxyisopropoxysilyl)-1-propyl mercaptan;2-(2-methyl-2,4-pentanedialkoxymethylsilyl)-1-propyl chloride;2-(2-methyl-2,4-pentanedialkoxyphenylsilyl)-1-propyl bromide;3-(1,3-butanedialkoxyethoxysilyl)-1-propyl iodide;3-(1,3-butanedialkoxyisopropoxysilyl)-1-propyl chloride;N-[3-(1,3-propanedialkoxyethoxysilyl)-1-propyl]phenylamine;N-[3-(1,3-propanedialkoxyisopropoxysilyl)-1-propyl]methylamine;3-(1,2-propanedialkoxyethoxysilyl)-1-propyl glycidyl ether and3-(1,2-propanedialkoxyisopropoxysilyl)-1-propyl methacrylate, bothderivable from propylene glycol;3-(1,2-ethanedialkoxyethoxysilyl)-1-propyl acrylate and3-(1,2-ethanedialkoxyisopropoxysilyl)-1-propyl acetate, both derivablefrom ethylene glycol; 3-(neopentyl glycoxyethoxysilyl)-1-propyl amineand 3-(neopentyl glycoxyisopropoxysilyl)-1-propyl glycidyl ether, bothderivable from neopentyl glycol;3-(2,3-dimethyl-2,3-butanedialkoxyethoxysilyl)-1-propyl acrylate and3-(2,3-dimethyl-2,3-butanedialkoxyisopropoxysilyl)-1-propylmethacrylate, both derivable from pinacol;3-(2,2-diethyl-1,3-propanedialkoxyethoxysilyl)-1-propyl mercaptan;S-[3-(2,2-diethyl-1,propanedialkoxyisopropoxysilyl)-1-propyl]ethylthioether;bis[3-(2-methyl-1,3-propanedialkoxyethoxysilyl)-1-propyl]disulfide;bis[3-(2-methyl-1,3-propanedialkoxyisopropoxysilyl)-1-propyl]trisulfide;bis[3-(1,3-butanedialkoxymethylsilyl)-1-propyl]tetrasulfide;bis[3-(1,3-propanedialkoxymethylsilyl)-1-propyl]thioether;3-(1,3-propanedialkoxyphenylsilyl)-1-propyl glycidyl thioether;tris-N,N′,N″-[3-(1,2-propanedialkoxymethylsilyl)-1-propyl]melamine andtris-N,N′,N″-[3-(1,2-propanedialkoxyphenylsilyl)-1-propyl]melamine, bothderivable from propylene glycol;3-(1,2-ethanedialkoxymethylsilyl)-1-propyl chloride and3-(1,2-ethanedialkoxyphenylsilyl)-1-propyl bromide, both derivable fromethylene glycol; 3-(neopentyl glycoxymethylsilyl)-1-propyl acetate and3-(neopentyl glycoxyphenylsilyl)-1-propyl octanoate, both derivable fromneopentyl glycol;3-(2,3-dimethyl-2,3-butanedialkoxymethylsilyl)-1-propyl amine and3-(2,3-dimethyl-2,3-butanedialkoxyphenylsilyl)-1-propyl amine, bothderivable from pinacol;3-(2,2-diethyl-1,3-propanedialkoxymethylsilyl)-1-propyl acrylate;3-(2,2-diethyl-1,3-propanedialkoxyphenylsilyl)-1-propyl methacrylate;3-(2-methyl-1,3-propanedialkoxyethylsilyl)-1-propyl glycidyl ether;3-(2-methyl-1,3-propanedialkoxyphenylsilyl)-1-propyl acetate;2-(2-methyl-2,4-pentanedialkoxyethoxysilyl)-1-ethyl acrylate;2-(2-methyl-2,4-pentanedialkoxymethoxysilyl)-1-ethyl bromide;2-(2-methyl-2,4-pentanedialkoxy methylsilyl)-1-ethyl benzenesulfonate;2-methyl-2,4-pentanedialkoxyethoxysilylmethyl methacrylate;2-methyl-2,4-pentanedialkoxyisopropoxysilylmethyl bromide;neopentylglycoxypropoxysilylmethyl amine;propyleneglycoxymethylsilylmethyl mercaptan;neopentylglycoxyethylsilylmethyl glycidyl ether;2-(neopentylglycoxyisopropoxysilyl)-1-ethyl butyrate;2-(neopentylglycoxy methylsilyl)-1-ethyl propionate;2-(1,3-butanedialkoxymethylsilyl)-1-ethyl acrylate;3-(1,3-butanedialkoxyisopropoxysilyl)-4-butyl methacrylate;3-(1,3-butanedialkoxyethylsilyl)-1-propyl mercaptan;3-(1,3-butanedialkoxymethylsilyl)-1-propyl methanesulfonate;6-(2-methyl-2,4-pentanedialkoxyethoxysilyl)-1-hexyl amine;1-(2-methyl-2,4-pentanedialkoxyethoxysilyl)-5-hexyl acrylat;8-(2-methyl-2,4-pentanedialkoxyethoxysilyl)-1-octyl methacrylate;10-(2-methyl-2,4-pentanedialkoxyethoxysilyl)-1-decyl glycidyl ether;3-(2-methyl-2,4-pentanedialkoxyethoxysilyl)-1-propyltrifluoromethanesulfonate;3-(2-methyl-2,4-pentanedialkoxypropoxysilyl)-1-propyl amine;N-[3-(2-methyl-2,4-pentanedialkoxyisopropoxysilyl)-1-propyl]ethylenediamine;tris-N,N′,N″-[3-(2-methyl-2,4-pentanedialkoxybutoxysilyl)-1-propyl]diethylenetriamine;tetrakis-N,N′,N″,N′″-[3-(2-methyl-2,4-pentanedialkoxyisopropoxysilyl)-1-propyl]triethylenetetramine; bis-(3-(2-methyl-2,4-pentanedialkoxyethoxysilyl)-1-propyl)sulfide; 6-(1,3-butanedialkoxyethoxysilyl)-1-hexyl amine;1-(1,3-butanedialkoxyethoxysilyl)-5-hexyl glycidyl ether;8-(1,3-butanedialkoxyethoxysilyl)-1-octyl acrylate;10-(1,3-butanedialkoxyethoxysilyl)-1-decyl methacrylate; andbis-(3-(2-methyl-2,4-pentanedialkoxyethoxysilyl)-1-propyl) thioether.

In another embodiment, the cyclic dialkoxy organofunctional silanes arecyclic and bridging dialkoxy analogs to the3-chloro-1-propyltriethoxysilane (3-triethoxysilyl-1-propyl chloride),used as a starting point for the manufacture of silane coupling agentsas, for example, polysulfide silanes, such as triethoxysilylpropyltetrasulfide referred to herein as TESPT, triethoxysilylpropyl.disulfide referred to herein as TESPD. The cyclic and bridging dialkoxyhaloalkyl silanes are novel and excellent alternatives to3-triethoxysilyl-1-propyl chloride for use where reduced VOC emissionsare desired.

The cyclic and bridging dialkoxy organofunctional silane compositionsincluded herein may comprise single components or various mixtures ofindividual cyclic and bridging dialkoxy organofunctional silanecomponents, organofunctional silane components, which contain onlymonofunctional alkoxy groups, and optionally including other species aswell. Synthetic methods result in a distribution of various silanes,wherein mixtures of the starting components are employed for the purposeof generating mixtures of cyclic and bridging dialkoxy organofunctionalsilane products. Moreover, it is understood that the partialhydrolyzates and/or condensates of these cyclic and bridging dialkoxyorganofunctional silanes, also referred to as cyclic and bridgingdialkoxy organofunctional siloxanes and/or silanols, may be encompassedby the silanes herein as a side product of most methods of manufactureof the cyclic and bridging dialkoxy organofunctional silanes. Also, thepartial hydrolyzates and/or condensates can occur upon storage of thecyclic and bridging dialkoxy organofunctional silanes, especially inhumid conditions, or under conditions in which residual water remainingfrom their preparation is not completely removed subsequent to theirpreparation. Furthermore, partial to substantial hydrolysis of thecyclic and bridging dialkoxy organofunctional silanes may bedeliberately prepared by incorporating the appropriate stoichiometry orexcess of water into the methods of preparation described herein for thesilanes. Also, the siloxane content of the cyclic and bridging dialkoxyorganofunctional silanes may be deliberately prepared by incorporatingthe appropriate stoichiometry or excess of water into the methods ofpreparation for the silanes described herein. Silane structures hereinencompassing hydrolyzates and siloxanes are described in the structuresgiven in Formula 1 wherein the subscrips, v, of Z^(b)═(—O—)_(0.5) and/oru, of X═OH can be substantive, meaning substantially larger than zero.

The cyclic and bridging dialkoxy organofunctional silane compositions,if liquid, may be loaded on a carrier or a mixture of more than onecarrier, such as a porous polymer, carbon black, or an inorganic filler,such as silica, alumina, various clays, etc. By loading the compositionon a carrier it is in solid form for delivery to the rubber formulation.In another embodiment, the carrier would be part of the filler, eitherintimately absorbed onto or within, or chemically bound to the filler.

The silane compounds with heterocyclic silicon groups included hereinmay be prepared by transesterification of organofunctionalalkoxy-substituted silanes and diols with or without a catalyst, by theesterification of organofunctional silyl halides with diols, or by thehydrosilylation of substituted alkenes with a hydrosilane containing aheterocylic silicon group to generate cyclic and bridging silanecompositions.

The transesterification of organofunctional alkoxy-substituted silanesand diols may be conducted with or without a catalyst. The catalyst maybe an acid, a base or a transition metal catalyst. Suitable acidcatalysts are hydrochloric acid, p-toluenesulfonic acid and the like.Typical base catalysts are sodium methoxide, sodium ethoxide. Suitabletransition metal catalysts are tetraisopropyl titanate, dibutyltindilaurate.

During esterification of organofunctional silyl halides with diols,diols are added to the silyl halide with removal of the hydrogen halideformed. The hydrogen halide may be removed by sparging with nitrogen orby using reduced pressure. Any remaining halo groups can be removed bythe addition of an alcohol such as methanol, ethanol, isopropanol, andthe like.

In another embodiment of the present invention, the diol-derivedorganofunctional silane can be prepared by reacting a catalyzed mixtureof organofunctional silane reactant and diol with simultaneousdistillation. The reaction leads to the alcohol exchange of one or moreof the alkoxy groups selectively at the silicon atom of theorganofunctioal silane reactant with the diol. The reaction is driven bythe removal of the more volatile by-product alcohol by distillation.Suitable catalysts include acids such as p-toluenesulfonic acid,sulfuric acid, hydrochloric acid, chlorosilanes, chloroacetic acids,phosphoric acid, their mixtures, and so forth; bases such as sodiumethoxide; and, transition metal-containing catalyts such as titaniumalkoxides, titanium-containing chelates, zirconium alkoxides,zirconium-containing chelates and mixtures thereof.

In yet another embodiment of the present invention, the diol-derivedorganofunctional silane can be prepared by catalyzing a mixture oforganofunctional silane and diol, in a first embodiment, at a molarratio of at least about 0.5 moles of diol per alkoxy-silyl group to betransesterified, in a second embodiment, at a molar ratio of from about0.5 to about 1.5 for a trialkoxy silane; and, in a third embodiment,from about 1.0 to about 1.5 for a trialkoxy silane. In each of theforegoing embodiments, the reaction temperature can range from about 10°C. to about 150° C. and in another embodiment from about 30° C. to 90°C. while maintaining a pressure in the range of from about 0.1 to about2000 mm Hg absolute, and in another embodiment, from about 1 to about 80mm Hg absolute. Excess diol can be utilized to increase reaction rate.

In another embodiment the diol-derived organofunctional silane can beprepared by slowly adding diol to organofunctional silane in thepresence of catalyst at the desired reaction temperature and undervacuum. If desired, a neutralization step may be utilized to neutralizeany acid or base catalyst that may have been utilized thereby improvingproduct storage.

Optionally, an inert solvent may be used in the process. The solvent mayserve as a diluent, carrier, stabilizer, refluxing aid or heating agent.Generally, any inert solvent, i.e., one which does not enter into thereaction or adversely affect the reaction, may be used. In oneembodiment, solvents are those which are liquid under normal conditionsand have a boiling point below about 150° C. Examples include aromatics,hydrocarbons, ethers, aprotic solvents and chlorinated hydrocarbonsolvents such as, toluene, xylene, hexane, butane, diethyl ether,dimethylformamide, dimethyl sulfoxide, carbon tetrachloride, methylenechloride, and so forth.

In another embodiment of the present invention, the diol-derivedorganofunctional silane can be prepared by continuously premixing theflow-streams of organofunctional silane reactant, diol, and catalyst(when employed) at appropriate ratios and then introducing the premixedreactants into a reactive distillation system, in one embodiment, a thinfilm distillation device operating at the desired reaction temperatureand vacuum conditions. Conducting the reaction in a thin film undervacuum accelerates the removal of the alcohol by-product and improvesthe transesterification reaction rate. The vaporization and removal ofthe by-product alcohol from the film shifts the chemical equilibrium ofthe reaction to favor formation of the desired product and minimizesundesired side reactions.

The foregoing embodiment of the process herein comprises the steps of:

a) reacting, in a thin film reactor, a thin film reaction mediumcomprising organofunctional silane, e.g., a thiocarboxylate silane, dioland catalyst to provide diol-derived organofunctional silane andby-product alcohol;

b) vaporizing the by-product alcohol from the thin film to drive thereaction;

c) recovering the diol-derived organofunctional silane reaction product;

d) optionally, recovering the by-product alcohol by condensation; and,

e) optionally, neutralizing the diol-derived organofunctional silaneproduct to improve its storage stability.

The molar ratio of diol to organofunctional silane reactant used in theforegoing continuous thin film process will depend upon the number ofalkoxy groups that are desired to be replaced with diol. In oneembodiment of the thin film process, a stoichiometric equivalent molarratio of 1 is used wherein one diol replaces two alkoxy groups.Generally, for the practice of this embodiment, the molar ratio of diolto organofunctional silane can be varied within a range of from about 95to about 125 percent of stoichiometric equivalence for each alkoxy-silylgroup to be transesterified. In a particular embodiment, the molar ratioof diol to organofunctional silane can be within the range of from about100 to about 110 percent of stoichiometric equivalence. In anotherembodiment, the molar ratio can be within a range of from about 100 toabout 105 percent of stoichiometric equivalence for the molar ratio ofdiol to organofunctional silane. Those skilled in the art will recognizethat excess diol could be utilized to increase reaction rates but suchis ordinarily of no significant advantage when conducting the reactionin a thin film and only adds to the expense.

The apparatus and method of forming the film are not critical and can beany of those known in the art. Typical known devices include fallingfilm or wiped film evaporators. Minimum film thickness and flow rateswill depend on the minimum wetting rate for the film forming surface.Maximum film thickness and flow rates will depend on the flooding pointfor the film and apparatus. Vaporization of the alcohol from the film iseffected by heating the film, by reducing pressure over the film or by acombination of both. It is preferred that mild heating and reducedpressure are utilized to form the diol-derived organofunctional silaneof this invention. Optimal temperatures and pressures (vacuum) forrunning the thin film processwill depend upon the specific startingorganofunctional silane's alkoxy groups and diol used in the process.Additionally, if an optional inert solvent is used in the process, thatchoice will affect the optimal temperatures and pressures (vacuum)utilized.

The by-product alcohol vaporized from the film is removed from thereactive distillation apparatus by a standard partial vacuum-formingdevice and can be condensed, collected and recycled as feed to otherprocesses. The diol-derived organofunctional silane product is recoveredby standard means from the reactive distillation apparatus as a liquidphase. If an inert solvent has been used or if additional purificationis necessary or desirable, the diol-derived organofunctional silaneproduct may be fed to another similar distillation apparatus ordistillation column to effect that separation. Optionally, the productmay be neutralized to improve product storage.

The diol-derived organofunctional silane compounds of the presentinvention are useful as crosslinkers, coupling agents, adhesionpromoters, as intermediates for the preparation of other silanecompounds and as filler treating agents. Illustrative compositions intowhich the silane compounds may be incorporated include rubber,industrial and architectural coatings, wood coatings, hard coats,adhesion promoting primers for paints or adhesives, UV or EB curedacrylic coatings, adhesives and sealants, polyester resin systems usedto form reinforced composites with fiberglass, carbon or polyphenyleneterephalamide (Kevlar™, E.I. DuPont, Wilm., Del.) reinforcements, RTVsilicones, and generally in any application where an organofunctionalsilane would be used. As is clear to one of ordinary skill in the art,there is a vast array of applications of the present invention inrubber, coating, sealant, adhesives, masonry sealers, fiberglass bindersand sizes, inks and other systems that typically use organofunctionalsilanes.

The diol-derived organofunctional silane compositions herein providesignificant advantages over traditional coupling agents, adhesionpromoters and crosslinking agents, which have found extensive use in theknown art. These cyclic and bridging organofunctional silanecompositions reduce the about of volatile components that are generatedduring use. The volatile components are safety hazards and pollute theenvironment. The traditional coupling agents include, for example,polysulfide silanes such as TESPT and TESPD. These contain in theirmolecular structures three ethoxy groups on each silicon atom, whichresults in the release of up to three moles of ethanol for each silanesilicon equivalent during the rubber manufacturing process in which thesilane silicon couples to the filler. The release of ethanol is a greatdisadvantage because it is flammable and therefore poses a threat offire, and because it contributes so greatly to VOC emissions and istherefore potentially harmful to the environment. The diol-derivedorganofunctional silane compositions described herein eliminate orgreatly mitigate this problem by capping the ethanol emissions to onlyone, less than one, or even essentially zero moles of ethanol per silaneequivalent. They accomplish this because the silane ethoxy groups arereplaced with diol-derived alkoxy groups and thus diols are releasedduring the rubber manufacture process in place of much of or nearly allof the ethanol released. The diols, having boiling points well in excessof rubber processing temperatures, are not vaporized out of the rubberduring the rubber manufacture process as is the ethanol, but areretained by the rubber where they migrate to the silica surface due totheir high polarity and become hydrogen bonded to the also polar silicasurface. The presence of the diols on the silica surface then leads tofurther advantages not obtainable with ethanol (due to its volatilityand ejection during the rubber compounding process) in the subsequentcure process, in which the presence of the diol bound to the silicasurface prevents the silica surface from binding the curatives andthereby interfering with the cure. Traditional silanes not based ondiols require more curatives to counter losses due to silica binding.

The addition of hydrocarbon based diols to the rubber compoundingformulation prior to and/or concurrent with the addition of curatives isof advantage for the efficient utilization of the curatives, inparticular, and polar substances, such as, but not limited to, amines,amides, sulfenamides, thiurams, and guanidines. Whether diols areexclusively added in the form of diol-derived silanes or as free diolsin combination with the silane coupling agents, the polarity of thediols is of advantage to the rubber compounding process. These polarsubstances tend to migrate to the filler surface due to dipoleinteractions with the filler. This tends to make them unavailable fortheir intended function within the organic polymer matrix, where theirfunctions include such things as vulcanization and/or couplinginitiation, acceleration, retardation, or sulfur atom transfer and/oractivation. The hydrocarbon backbone based diols enhance the function ofthe curatives by interfering with their tendency to bind to the silicasurface, thereby forcing them into the rubber matrix to perform theirfunction. The hydrocarbon based diols accomplish this by themselvesbeing very polar, and thereby by themselves binding to the fillersurface, leaving less room for the curatives to bind to filler. Thehydrocarbon based diols thus act as curative displacing agents from thefiller. The short chain of the preferred hydrocarbon based diols furtherenhances their function by a chelate effect. Chains of two or threecarbon atoms between the two OH groups of the diol promote the formationof 5- or 6-membered rings when both oxygen atoms bind to a common atom,such as a proton residing on the filler. This dual binding to a commoncenter, known as, and referred to herein as the chelate effect, furtherenhances the affinity of the diol to the filler and thereby enhances itsability to prevent the binding of the curatives to the filler.

Those hydrocarbon based diols used herein whose R¹⁰ and R¹¹ groups arehydrocarbon-derived, are superior to ether- and/or polyether-basedmonofunctional alcohols or difunctional alcohols (diols) because thelack of the ether functionality of these hydrocarbon based diols avoidsthe problems typically encountered with ethers. These problems includehigh toxicity, their tendency for spontaneous peroxide formation, andhigh chain lengths between OH groups. Spontaneous peroxide formation isa problem because it is difficult to prevent, and because the peroxideslead to flammability hazards. Furthermore, the peroxides decompose whenheated to free radicals, which can initiate unwanted side reactions inthe rubber polymers. These side reactions include peroxide-induced curechemistries, in which polymer chains are crosslinked. This can lead topremature, excess, and variable crosslinking during or prior to cure.The excess crosslinking can lead to inferior properties in the rubber,premature crosslinking can lead to scorch, and the variability makes ithard to fabricate a reproducible rubber composition and any articles ofmanufacture derived thereof. The excess chain lengths of theether-containing diols forces chelation by the two OH groups to involvering sizes of at least about 8 atoms, which is well beyond the optimum 5or 6, accessible to hydrocarbon based diols. Chelation involving an OHgroup and an ether, which would give the optimum 5 or 6 membered rings,is not as strong as chelation with the two OH groups accessible to thehydrocarbon based diols because the OH groups are less stericallyhindered and because the OH groups are more active at forming hydrogenbond interactions, which are key to binding the diols to the fillersurface.

In one embodiment, one or more of the cyclic and bridging dialkoxyorganofunctional silane compositions are mixed with the organic polymerbefore, during or after the compounding of the filler into the organicpolymer. In a second embodiment, the addition of silanes can occurbefore or during the compounding of the filler into the organic polymer,because these silanes facilitate and improve the dispersion of thefiller. The total amount of silane present in the resulting combinationshould be about 0.05 to about 25 parts by weight per hundred parts byweight of organic polymer (phr); more preferably 1 to 10 phr. In oneembodiment, fillers can be used in quantities ranging from about 5 toabout 100 phr. In a second embodiment fillers can be used in quantitiesfrom 25 to 80 phr.

In practice, sulfur vulcanized rubber products typically are prepared bythermomechanically mixing rubber and various ingredients in asequentially step-wise manner followed by shaping and curing thecompounded rubber to form a vulcanized product. First, the rubber(s) andvarious rubber compounding ingredients are blended in at least one, andoften in the case of silica filled low rolling resistance tires, two,preparatory thermomechanical mixing stage(s) in suitable mixers. Suchpreparatory mixing is referred to as nonproductive mixing ornon-productive mixing steps or stages. In one embodiment, suchpreparatory mixing usually is conducted at temperatures up to about 140°C. to about 200° C. and often up to about 150° C. to about 180° C.Subsequent to such preparatory mix stages, in a final mixing stage,sometimes referred to as a productive mixing stage, curing agents, andpossibly one or more additional ingredients, are mixed with the rubbercompound or composition, typically at a temperature in a range of about50° C. to about 130° C., this is a lower temperature than thetemperatures utilized in the preparatory mix stages. The lowertemperature used in the final mixing stage prevents or retards prematurecuring of the sulfur curable rubber, which is sometimes referred to asscorching of the rubber composition. The rubber mixture, referred to asa rubber compound or composition, typically is allowed to cool, eitherafter or during the intermediate process referred to as mill mixing,this cooling process occurs between the aforesaid various mixing steps,for example, to a temperature of about 50° C. or lower. When it isdesired to mold and to cure the rubber, the rubber is placed into theappropriate mold at least about 130° C. and up to about 200° C., whichwill cause the vulcanization of the rubber by the organofunctionalgroups on the silane(s) and any other free sulfur sources in the rubbermixture.

By thermomechanical mixing, it is meant that the rubber compound, orcomposition of rubber and rubber compounding ingredients, is mixed in arubber mixture under high shear conditions where it autogeneously heatsup as a result of the mixing primarily due to shear and associatedfriction within the rubber mixture in the rubber mixer. Several chemicalreactions involving the silane may occur at various steps in the mixingand curing processes. The first reaction is a relatively fast reactionand is considered herein to take place between the filler and thehydrolyzable groups of the cyclic and bridging dialkoxy organofunctionalsilane composition(s). Such reaction may occur at a relatively lowtemperature, for example, at about 120° C. The subsequent reactions areconsidered herein to be the reactions, which takes place between theorganofunctional group(s) of the silane composition(s) and the sulfurvulcanizable rubber at a higher temperature, for example, above about140° C. Another key chemical reaction, which takes place, is thecrosslinking of the polymer chains by forming chemical bonds with theelemental sulfur added to the curatives. This crosslinking processactually takes place by a number of individual chemical reactionsinvolving also other materials added to the rubber composition,particularly in the curatives.

Another sulfur source may be used, for example, in the form of elementalsulfur as S₈. A sulfur donor is considered herein as a sulfur-containingcompound, which liberates free, or elemental sulfur, at a temperature ina range of about 140° C. to about 190° C. Such sulfur donors may be, forexample, although are not limited to, polysulfide vulcanizationaccelerators and organosilane polysulfides with at least two connectingsulfur atoms in its polysulfide bridge. The amount of free sulfur sourceaddition to the mixture can be controlled or manipulated as a matter ofchoice relatively independently from the addition of the aforesaidcyclic and bridging dialkoxy organofunctional silane compositions. Thus,for example, the independent addition of a sulfur source may bemanipulated by the amount of addition thereof and by sequence ofaddition relative to addition of other ingredients to the rubbermixture.

Addition of an alkyl silane to the coupling agent system, the cyclic andbridging dialkoxy organofunctional silane compositions plus additionalfree sulfur source and/or vulcanization accelerator, typically in a moleratio of alkyl silane to cyclic and bridging dialkoxy organofunctionalsilane in a range of 1/50 to 1/2 promotes an even better control ofrubber composition processing and aging.

In one embodiment the preparation of a rubber composition comprises thesequential steps of:

a) thermomechanically mixing, in at least one preparatory mixing step,under effective mixing conditions, e.g., at a temperature from about120° C. to about 200° C. in a first embodiment and from about 140° C. toabout 190° C. in a second embodiment, for a total mixing time of fromabout 2 to about 20 minutes in a first embodiment and from about 4 toabout 15 minutes in a second embodiment for such mixing step(s):

b) about 100 parts by weight of at least one sulfur vulcanizable rubberselected from conjugated diene homopolymers and copolymers, andcopolymers of at least one conjugated diene and aromatic vinyl compound,

-   -   i) from about 5 to about 100 phr (parts per hundred rubber of a        particulate filler in a first embodiment and from about 25 to        about 80 phr of a particulate filler in a second embodiment,        wherein the particulate filler contains from 0 to about 85        weight percent carbon black,    -   ii) from about 0.05 to about 20 parts by weight of filler (ii)        of at least one cyclic and bridging dialkoxy organofunctional        silane composition; and, optionally,

c) subsequently blending therewith, in a final thermomechanical mixingstep under effective blending conditions, e.g., at a temperature of fromabout 50° C. to about 130° C. for a time sufficient to blend the rubber,e.g., from about 1 to about 30 minutes in a first embodiment and fromabout 1 to about 3 minutes in a second embodiment, at least one curingagent or blend of curing agents in an amount of up to about 5 phr andcuring said mixture under effective curing conditions, e.g., at atemperature of from about 130° C. to about 200° C. for a period of fromabout 5 to about 60 minutes.

In another embodiment, the preparation of a rubber composition maycomprise the additional steps of preparing an assembly of a tire orsulfur vulcanizable rubber with a tread comprised of the rubbercomposition prepared according to this invention and vulcanizing theassembly at a temperature in a range of about 130° C. to about 200° C.

Suitable organic polymers and fillers are well known in the art and aredescribed in numerous texts, of which two examples include TheVanderbilt Rubber Handbook; R. F. Ohm, ed.; R.T. Vanderbilt Company,Inc., Norwalk, Conn.; 1990 and Manual For The Rubber Industry; T.Kempermann, S. Koch, J. Sumner, eds.; Bayer A G, Leverkusen, Germany;1993. Representative examples of suitable polymers include solutionstyrene-butadiene rubber (SSBR), styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR), naturalrubber (NR), polybutadiene (BR), ethylene-propylene co- and ter-polymers(EP, EPDM), and acrylonitrile-butadiene rubber (NBR). The rubbercomposition is comprised of at least one diene-based elastomer, orrubber. Suitable conjugated dienes are isoprene and 1,3-butadiene andsuitable vinyl aromatic compounds are styrene and alpha methyl styrene.Thus, the rubber is a sulfur curable rubber. Such diene based elastomer,or rubber, may be selected, for example, from at least one ofcis-1,4-polyisoprene rubber (natural and/or synthetic), and preferablynatural rubber), emulsion polymerization prepared styrene/butadienecopolymer rubber, organic solution polymerization preparedstyrene/butadiene rubber, 3,4-polyisoprene rubber, isoprene/butadienerubber, styrene/isoprene/butadiene terpolymer rubber,cis-1,4-polybutadiene, medium vinyl polybutadiene rubber (about 35-50percent vinyl), high vinyl polybutadiene rubber (about 50-75 percentvinyl), styrene/isoprene copolymers, emulsion polymerization preparedstyrene/butadiene/acrylonitrile terpolymer rubber andbutadiene/acrylonitrile copolymer rubber. An emulsion polymerizationderived styrene/butadiene (E-SBR) might be used having a relativelyconventional styrene content of about 20 to about 28 percent boundstyrene or, for some applications, an E-SBR having a medium torelatively high bound styrene content, namely, a bound styrene contentof about 30 to about 45 percent. Emulsion polymerization preparedstyrene/butadiene/acrylonitrile terpolymer rubbers containing about 2 toabout 40 weight percent bound acrylonitrile in the terpolymer are alsocontemplated as diene based rubbers for use in this invention.

The solution polymerization prepared styrene-butadiene rubber SBR(S-SBR) typically has a bound styrene content in a range of about 5 toabout 50, preferably about 9 to about 36, percent. Polybutadieneelastomer may he conveniently characterized, for example, by havingabout at least a 90 weight percent cis-1,4-content.

Representative examples of suitable filler materials include metaloxides, such as silica (pyrogenic and precipitated), titanium dioxide,aluminosilicate and alumina, siliceous materials including clays andtalc, and carbon black. Particulate, precipitated silica is alsosometimes used for such purpose, particularly when the silica is used inconnection with a silane. In some cases, a combination of silica andcarbon black is utilized for reinforcing fillers for various rubberproducts, including treads for tires. Alumina can be used either aloneor in combination with silica. The term “alumina” can be describedherein as aluminum oxide, or Al₂O₃. The fillers may be hydrated or inanhydrous form. Use of alumina in rubber compositions can be shown, forexample, in U.S. Pat. No. 5,116,886 and EP 631 982.

The cyclic and bridging dialkoxy organofunctional silane compositionsmay be premixed, or pre-reacted, with the filler particles or added tothe rubber mix during the rubber and filler processing, or mixing stage.If the silane and filler are added separately to the rubber mix duringthe rubber and filler mixing, or processing stage, it is considered thatthe cyclic and bridging dialkoxy organofunctional silane compositionsthen couple in situ to the filler.

The vulcanized rubber composition should contain a sufficient amount offiller to contribute a reasonably high modulus and high resistance totear. The combined weight of the filler may be as low as about 5 toabout 100 phr, but is more preferably from about 25 to about 85 phr.

In one embodiment precipitated silicas are utilized as a filler. Thesilica may be characterized by having a BET surface area, as measuredusing nitrogen gas, preferably in the range of about 40 to about 600,and more usually in a range of about 50 to about 300 m²/g. The BETmethod of measuring surface area is described in the Journal of theAmerican Chemical Society, Volume 60, page 304 (1930). The silicatypically may also be characterized by having a dibutylphthalate (DBP)absorption value in a range of about 100 to about 350, and more usuallyabout 150 to about 300. Further, the silica, as well as the aforesaidalumina and aluminosilicate, may be expected to have a CTAB surface areain a range of about 100 to about 220. The CTAB surface area is theexternal surface area as evaluated by cetyl trimethylammonium bromidewith a pH of about 9. The method is described in ASTM D 3849.

Mercury porosity surface area is the specific surface area determined bymercury porosimetry. For such technique, mercury is penetrated into thepores of the sample after a thermal treatment to remove volatiles. Setup conditions may be suitably described as using about a 100 mg sample,removing volatiles during about 2 hours at about 105° C. and ambientatmospheric pressure to about 2000 bars pressure measuring range. Suchevaluation may be performed according to the method described inWinslow, Shapiro in ASTM bulletin, p. 39 (1959) or according to DIN66133. For such an evaluation, a CARLO-ERBA Porosimeter 2000 might beused. The average mercury porosity specific surface area for the silicashould be in a range of about 100 to about 300 m²/g.

In one embodiment a suitable pore size distribution for the silica,alumina and aluminosilicate according to such mercury porosityevaluation is considered herein to be five percent or less of its poreshave a diameter of less than about 10 nm; about 60 to about 90 percentof its pores have a diameter of about 10 to about 100 nm; about 10 toabout 30 percent of its pores have a diameter at about 100 to about1,000 nm; and about 5 to about 20 percent of its pores have a diameterof greater than about 1,000 nm.

In a second embodiment the silica may be expected to have an averageultimate particle size, for example, in the range of about 0.01 to about0.05 μm as determined by the electron microscope, although the silicaparticles may be even smaller, or possibly larger, in size. Variouscommercially available silicas may be considered for use in thisinvention such as, from PPG Industries under the HI-SIL trademark withdesignations HI-SIL 210, 243, etc.; silicas available fromRhone-Poulenc, with, for example, designation of ZEOSIL 1165MP; silicasavailable from Degussa with, for example, designations VN2 and VN3, etc.and silicas commercially available from Huber having, for example, adesignation of HUBERSIL 8745.

Where it is desired for the rubber composition, which contains both asiliceous filler such as silica, alumina and/or aluminosilicates andalso carbon black reinforcing pigments, to be primarily reinforced withsilica as the reinforcing pigment, the weight ratio of such siliceousfillers to carbon black can be about at least 3/1 and preferably aboutat least 10/1 and, thus, in a range of about 3/1 to about 30/1. Thefiller may be comprised of about 15 to about 95 weight percentprecipitated silica, alumina and/or aluminosilicate and, correspondinglyabout 5 to about 85 weight percent carbon black, wherein the said carbonblack has a CTAB value in a range of about 80 to about 150.Alternatively, the filler can be comprised of about 60 to about 95weight percent of said silica, alumina and/or aluminosilicate and,correspondingly, about 40 to about 5 weight percent carbon black. Thesiliceous filler and carbon black may be pre-blended or blended togetherin the manufacture of the vulcanized rubber.

The rubber composition may be compounded by methods known in the rubbercompounding art, such as mixing the various sulfur-vulcanizableconstituent rubbers with various commonly used additive materials suchas, for example, curing aids, such as sulfur, activators, retarders andaccelerators, processing additives, such as oils, resins includingtackifying resins, silicas, plasticizers, fillers, pigments, fatty acid,zinc oxide, waxes, antioxidants and antiozonants, peptizing agents, andreinforcing materials such as, for example, carbon black. Depending onthe intended use of the sulfur vulcanizable and sulfur vulcanizedmaterial or rubber, the additives mentioned above are selected andcommonly used in conventional amounts.

The vulcanization may be conducted in the presence of an additionalsulfur vulcanizing agent. Examples of suitable sulfur vulcanizing agentsinclude, for example elemental sulfur (free sulfur) or sulfur donatingvulcanizing agents, for example, an amino disulfide, polymericpolysulfide or sulfur olefin adducts which are conventionally added inthe final, productive, rubber composition mixing step. The sulfurvulcanizing agents, which are common in the art are used, or added inthe productive mixing stage, in an amount ranging from about 0.4 toabout 3 phr, or even, in some circumstances, up to about 8 phr, with arange of from about 1.5 to about 2.5 phr and sometimes from about 2 toabout 2.5 phr.

Vulcanization accelerators, i.e., additional sulfur donors, may be usedherein. It is appreciated that may include the following examples,benzothiazole, alkyl thiuram disulfide, guanidine derivatives andthiocarbamates. Representative of such accelerators can be, but notlimited to, mercapto benzothiazole, tetramethyl thiuram disulfide,benzothiazole disulfide, diphenylguanidine, zinc dithiocarbamate,alkylphenoldisulfide, zinc butyl xanthate,N-dicyclohexyl-2-benzothiazolesulfenamide,N-cyclohexyl-2-benzothiazolesulfenamide,N-oxydiethylenebenzothiazole-2-sulfenamide, N,N-diphenylthiourea,dithiocarbamylsulfenamide, N,N-diisopropylbenzothiozole-2-sulfenamide,zinc-2-mercaptotoluimidazole, dithiobis(N-methyl piperazine),dithiobis(N-beta-hydroxy ethyl piperazine) and dithiobis(dibenzylamine). Other additional sulfur donors may be, for example, thiuram andmorpholine derivatives. Representative of such donors are, for example,but not limited to, dimorpholine disulfide, dimorpholine tetrasulfide,tetramethyl thiuram tetrasulfide, benzothiazyl-2, N-dithiomorpholide,thioplasts, dipentamethylenethiuram hexasulfide, anddisulfidecaprolactam.

Accelerators are used to control the time and/or temperature requiredfor vulcanization and to improve the properties of the vulcanizate. Inone embodiment, a single accelerator system may be used, i.e., a primaryaccelerator. Conventionally and preferably, a primary accelerator(s) isused in total amounts ranging from about 0.5 to about 4, preferablyabout 0.8 to about 1.5 phr. Combinations of a primary and a secondaryaccelerator might be used with the secondary accelerator being used insmaller amounts (of 0.05 to 3 phr) in order to activate and to improvethe properties of the vulcanizate. Delayed action accelerators may beused. Vulcanization retarders might also be used. Suitable types ofaccelerators are amines, disulfides, guanidines, thioureas, thiazoles,thiurams, sulfenamides, dithiocarbamates and xanthates. Preferably, theprimary accelerator is a sulfenamide. If a second accelerator is used,the secondary accelerator can be a guanidine, dithiocarbamate or thiuramcompound.

Typical amounts of tackifier resins, if used, comprise about 0.5 toabout 10 phr, usually about 1 to about 5 phr. Typical amounts ofprocessing aids comprise about 1 to about 50 phr. Such processing aidscan include, for example, aromatic, napthenic, and/or paraffinicprocessing oils. Typical amounts of antioxidants comprise about 1 toabout 5 phr. Representative antioxidants may be, for example,diphenyl-p-phenylenediamine and others, such as, for example, thosedisclosed in the Vanderbilt Rubber Handbook (1978), pages 344-346.Typical amounts of antiozonants, comprise about 1 to about 5 phr.Typical amounts of fatty acids, if used, which can include stearic acid,comprise about 0.5 to about 3 phr. Typical amounts of zinc oxidecomprise about 2 to about 5 phr. Typical amounts of waxes comprise about1 to about 5 phr. Often microcrystalline waxes are used. Typical amountsof peptizers comprise about 0.1 to about 1 phr. Typical peptizers maybe, for example, pentachlorothiophenol and dibenzamidodiphenyldisulfide.

The rubber compositions of this invention can be used for variouspurposes. For example, it can be used for various tire compounds. Suchtires can be built, shaped, molded and cured by various methods, whichare known and will be readily apparent to those having skill in suchart. One particularly useful application of the rubber compositionsherein is for the manufacture of tire treads. An advantage of tires,tire treads, of other articles of manufacture derived from the rubbercompositions herein is they suffer from less VOC emissions during theirlifetime and use as a result of having been manufactured from a rubbercompound which contains less residual silane ethoxy groups than dorubber compounds of the known and presently practiced art. This is adirect result of having used dialkoxy-functional silane coupling agentsin their manufacture, which contain fewer or essentially no ethoxygroups on silicon, relative to the silane coupling agents of thecurrently known and practiced art. The lack or reduction of ethoxysilanegroups in the coupling agents used results in fewer residual ethoxygroups on silicon after the article of manufacture is produced, fromwhich fewer or no ethanol can be released by hydrolysis of the residualethoxysilane groups by exposure of the article of manufacture to waterduring use.

The rubber compositions herein and the articles of manufacture derivablethereof as described herein are novel from those of the known andcommonly practiced art in that both contain hydrocarbon backbone baseddiols, as defined herein. Typical examples of such species contained inthe rubber compositions and articles of manufacture described hereininclude diols such as an isomer of propanediol, pentane diol, and suchas ethylene glycol, and propylene glycol. Additional species wouldinclude stearate monoesters and/or diesters of these diols. Thesespecies possess polarities intermediate between those of the rubberpolymers and the filler, thereby helping to stabilize the compositionsand articles of manufacture from filler reagglomeration and theresulting degradation of the properties and performance parametersthereof.

Of the examples, which follow, Examples 1-4 are illustrative of thepresent invention. The invention may be better understood by referenceto the following examples in which the parts and percentages are byweight unless otherwise indicated.

EXAMPLE 1 Preparation of Cyclic and Bridging Dialkoxy OrganofunctionalSilanes, 3-aminopropylethoxy-(1,3-butanedialkoxy)silane and1,3-bis-(3-aminopropyl-1,3-butanedialkoxysilyloxy)butane

To 221.3 grams (1 mole) of aminopropyltriethoxysilane in a 1 Lthree-necked flask were added 90.12 grams (1 mole) of 1,3-butanediol and1 gram of a 21% weight solution of sodium ethoxide in ethanol. Themixture was placed under vacuum and heated to 30° C. Ethanol distilledfrom the reaction mixture and was collected in the receiver flaskresulting in 203.7 grams of a mixture by GC of 4.4%3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane, 72.6%3-aminopropylethoxy(1,3-butanedialkoxy)silane, 2.1%bis-[3-aminopropyl(1,3-butanedialkoxy)disiloxane and 19.4%1,3-bis-[3-aminopropyl(1,3-butanedialkoxy)silyloxy)butane.

EXAMPLE 2 Preparation of Cyclic and Bridging Dialkoxy OrganofunctionalSilanes, 3-aminopropylethoxy(2-methyl-1,3-propanedialkoxy)silane and1,3-bis-[3-aminopropyl(2-methyl-1,3-propanedialkoxy)siloxy]-2-methylpropane

To 221.3 grams (1 mole) of aminopropyltriethoxysilane in a 1 Lthree-necked flask were added 90.1 grams (1 mole) of2-methyl-1,3-propanediol and 1 grams of a 21% weight solution of sodiumethoxide in ethanol. The mixture was placed under vacuum and heated to90° C. Ethanol was collected in the receiver flask resulting in 204.7grams of a mixture by GC of 5.3% 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane, 88.6%3-aminopropylethoxy(2-methyl-1,3-propanedialkoxy)silane and 2.5%1,3-bis-[3-aminopropyl(2-methyl-1,3-propanedialkoxy)siloxy]-2-methylpropane.

EXAMPLE 3 Preparation of Cyclic and Bridging Dialkoxy OrganofunctionalSilane, 3,4-epoxycyclohexylmethoxy(2-methyl-1,3-propanedialkoxy)silane,bis-[3,4-epoxycyclohexylmethoxy(2-methyl-1,3-propanedialkoxy)]disiloxaneand1,3-bis-(3,4-epoxycyclohexyl(2-methyl-1,3-propanedialkoxysiloxy)2-methylpropane

To 52.2 grams (0.2 mole) of trimethoxysilylethylcyclohexene oxide in a100 ml three-necked flask were added 19.2 grams (0.2 moles) of2-methyl-1,3-propanediol and 0.25 grams of a 21% weight solution ofsodium ethoxide in ethanol. The mixture was placed under vacuum andheated to 40° C. Methanol was collected in the receiver flask resultingin 59.4 grams of a mixture by GC of 10.7%3,4-epoxycyclohexylethyltrimethoxysilane, 73.4%3,4-epoxycyclohexylmethoxy(2-methyl-1,3-propanedialkoxy)silane, 6.4%bis-[3,4-epoxycyclohexylmethoxy(2-methyl-1,3-propanedialkoxy)]disiloxaneand 3.4%1,3-bis-(3,4-epoxycyclohexyl(2-methyl-1,3-propanedialkoxysiloxy)2-methylpropane.

EXAMPLE 4 Preparation ofbis(3-(2-methyl-2,4-pentanedioxyethoxysilyl)-1-propyl disulfane from2-methyl-2,4-pentanediol and bis(3-triethoxysilylpropyl)disulfane

A 5-Liter round bottom flask equipped with a mechanical agitator,condenser (connected to a vacuum pump), dropping funnel, internalthermometer, and heating mantle, was charged with 2844 g (6.0 mol) ofbis(3-triethoxysilylpropyl)disulfane and heated to 43° C. 0.852 gSulfuric acid was added and the mixture was stirred well. The pressurein the reaction flask was reduced to 50 mm Hg and 1416 g (12.0 mol)2-methyl-2,4-pentanediol were added from the dropping funnel over 4 hrs.The mixture was maintained at 43-48° C. and 50-70 mm Hg until reactioncompletion. Ethanol formed during the diol addition was continuouslyremoved from the reaction flask, condensed, and collected. Sodiumethylate (2.71 g, 21% solution in ethanol) was added to the flask toneutralize the acid catalyst, and the product was cooled to roomtemperature. The precipitated salts were removed by filtration to yield2982.0 g of product (94.5% yield).

Gel permeation chromatography analysis showed Mn=490 and Mw=540,consistent with desired product formation.

EXAMPLE 5 Preparation ofbis(3-(2-methyl-2,4-pentanedioxyethoxysilyl)-1-propyl tetrasulfane from2-methyl-2,4-pentanediol and bis(3-triethoxysilylpropyl)tetrasulfane

A 5-Liter round bottom flask equipped with a mechanical agitator,condenser (connected to a vacuum pump), dropping funnel, internalthermometer, and heating mantle, was charged with 2959 g (5.5 mol) ofbis-(3-triethoxysilylpropyl)tetrasulfane and heated to 41° C. 2.13 gSulfuric acid was added and the mixture was stirred well. The pressurein the reaction flask was reduced to 75 mm Hg and 1298.0 g (11.0 mol)2-methyl-2,4-pentanediol were added from the dropping funnel over 4 hrs.The mixture was maintained at 46-49° C. and 50-80 mm Hg until reactioncompletion. Ethanol formed during the diol addition was continuouslyremoved from the reaction flask, condensed, and collected. Sodiumethylate (5.32 g, 21% solution in ethanol) was added to the flask toneutralize the acid catalyst, and the product was cooled to roomtemperature. The precipitated salts were removed by filtration to yield2805 g of product (86.5% yield).

High pressure liquid chromatography analysis showed some unreactedsulfane starting material. Gel permeation chromatography analysis showedMn=530 and Mw=610, consistent with desired product formation.

EXAMPLE 6 Preparation of3-(2-methyl-2,4-pentanedioxyethoxysilyl)-1-propanethiol from2-methyl-2,4-pentanediol and 3-(triethoxysilyl)-1-propanethiol

A 250-ml round bottom flask equipped with a magnetic stir bar, watercondenser (connected to a vacuum pump), dropping funnel, internalthermometer, and heating mantle, was charged with 122.2 grams3-(triethoxysilyl)-1-propanethiol (98.5%, 0.505 mol), 111 mg ofparatoluenesulfonic acid, and 61.02 grams 2-methyl-2,4-pentanediol (99%,0.511 mol). The reaction flask content was heated to 33 C and vacuum (11mm Hg) was applied, in order to remove ethanol formed. The temperaturewas raised to 60 C after 2 hours, to complete the reaction and removeany remaining ethanol. The temperature was raised to 60 C after 2 hours,to complete the reaction and remove any remaining ethanol. 135.6 gramsof 3-(2-methyl-2,4-pentanedioxyethoxysilyl)-1-propanethiol product (84%purity, 0.431 mol, 99.2% yield) were obtained.

EXAMPLE 7 Preparation of Rubber Using Cyclic and BridgingOrganofunctional Silanes from Examples 4 and 5

A typical silica-rubber SBR formulation was used (Table 1). Mixing wascarried out in a 1.6 liter “B” type Banbury with tangential rotors.Silquest®A-1589 (TESPD) and Silquest® A-1289 (TESPT) were chosen ascontrol. The silane loadings were adjusted to a constant alkoxysilanesilicon loading.

TABLE 1 Silica-Silane/Rubber Formulation Ingredient PHR sSBR (Buna VSL5525-1) - (Bayer AG) 103.2  BR (Budene 1207) - (Goodyear) 25   silica -Zeosil 1165MP, (Rhodia) variable A-1589 and A-1289 variable Silanes fromExamples 4 and 5 variable oil - Sundex 8125 (Sun Oil) 5.0 zinc oxide -Kadox 720C (ZincCorp.) 2.5 stearic acid - Industrene R (Witco, Crompton)1.0 6 PPD - Flexzone 7P (Uniroyal, Crompton) 2.0 Wax - Sunproof Improved(Uniroyal, Crompton) 1.5 Hardness modifiers (carbon-black, fumed silicavariable and accelerators) Final Mix Ingredients Rubbermakers Sulfur104, Harwick 1.4 CBS - Delac S (Uniroyal, Crompton) 1.7 DPG - (Uniroyal,Crompton) 2.0

TABLE 2 Procedure for Two-Non productive mix steps TWO PASS PROCEDUREStep Procedure First Banbury pass: cooling with water @ 25° C., 72% fillfactor 1. Add polymers, RDM (ram down mix) 30 seconds @ 117 RPM 2. Add50% silica, all silane, RDM 30 seconds 3. Add remaining 50% silica, oil,RDM 30 seconds 4. Dust down, RDM 20 seconds 5. Dust down, RDM 20 seconds6. Dust down, RDM* @ higher speeds to 160-170° C. (approx. 1 minute)Total time for first pass is approx. 5-6 minutes. 7. Dump, sheet offroll mill @ 50-60° C., cool below 60° C. Second Banbury pass: 1. Addcompound from 1st pass, RDM 30 seconds @ 117 RPM 2. Add remainder ofingredients, RDM 30 seconds 3. Dust down, RDM to 160-170° C. (in approx.2 minutes) by increasing rotor speed. 4. Hold at 170° C. (or highertemperature) for 8 minutes by changing speeds on mixer. Total time forsecond Banbury pass is approx. 11-12 minutes. 5. Dump, sheet off rollmill @ 50-60° C. to cool *RDM: Ram down mix time

Productive Mix

Sulfur and accelerators (primary and secondary) were added to the abovemasterbatch on a two-roll mill at 50-60° C.

The controls, Silquest® A-1289, A-1589 (TESPD) and the silanes fromExamples 4 and 5 were mixed in two non-productive mix steps whichincluded an intermediate cooling step. After all silica, silane and oilingredients were incorporated into the mix, the rpm of the rotors wasraised so as to achieve the desired silanization temperature. The mixwas then held at that temperature for 8 minutes. For polysulfidesilanes, a cooling step is generally needed before this silanizationstep (sometimes even multiple cooling steps). The mix procedures are setforth in Table 2, above. Curing and testing were done according to ASTMstandards. In addition, small strain dynamic tests were carried out on aRheometrics Dynamic Analyzer (ARES-Rheometrics Inc.).

Measurement/Procedure Compound Testing Standards Mooney viscosity andscorch ASTM D1646 Oscillating disc rheometry ASTM D2084 Curing of testplaques ASTM D3182 Stress-strain properties ASTM D412 Heat build-up ASTMD623

Dynamic Mechanical Properties

Payne effect strain sweeps were carried out from dynamic strainamplitudes of 0.01% to about 25% shear strain amplitude at 10 Hz and 60°C. The dynamic parameters, G′_(initial), ΔG′, G″_(max), tan δ_(max) wereextracted from the non-linear responses of the rubber compounds at smallstrains. In some cases, steady state values of tan δ were measured after15 minutes of dynamic oscillations at strain amplitudes of 35% (at 60°C.). Temperature dependence of dynamic properties were also measuredfrom about −80° C. to +80° C. at small strain amplitudes (1 or 2%) at afrequency of 10 Hz.

TABLE 3 Rubber Compounding Data Rubber Composition A B C D E F SilaneA-1289 A-1589 Example 4 Example 4 Example 5 Example 5 Silane Loading(p.h.r) 6.4 5.8 5.8 6.5 6.4 7.1 Mooney Properties Viscosity at 100° C.(ML1 + 4) 79.1 73.63 67.6 66.76 70.69 67.46 MV at 135° C. (MS1+) 34.3631.83 30.15 29.59 32.68 32.26 Scorch at 135° C. (MS1 + t₃) 6.56 9.2510.32 10.03 7.06 6.43 (min) Cure at 135° C. (MS1 + t₁₈) 9.52 12.4 15.0812.32 10.2 10.06 (min) Rheometer (ODR) Properties, (1° arc at 149° C. )M_(L) (dN-m) 8.92 8.64 8.46 8 8.55 8.46 M_(H) (dN-m) (30 min. timer)28.1 27.04 26.26 26.26 29.48 29.3 t90 (min) (30 min. timer) 20.52 19.313.14 12.57 17.56 13.25 t_(s1) (min) 4.2 5.23 5.34 5.36 4.15 4.2Physical Properties, (cured t90 at 149° C. ) Hardness (Shore A) 56 60 5562 63 62 Rubber Composition A B C D E F Tensile (MPa) 21 23 23 24 24 24Elongation (%) 462 605 644 671 537 578  25% Modulus (MPa) 0.81 0.84 0.860.91 0.92 0.91 100% Modulus (MPa) 1.92 1.64 1.7 1.8 2.1 2.1 300% Modulus(MPa) 10.9 7.9 7.5 8.3 10.8 10.3 Reinforcement Index, 5.7 4.8 4.4 4.65.1 4.9 (300%/100%) Non-linearity (0-10%) 60° C. G′_(initial) (MPa) 3.364.96 5.73 5.78 4.85 3.94 ΔG′ (MPa) 1.66 2.87 3.61 3.57 2.70 2.08G″_(max) (MPa) 0.397 0.602 0.72 0.709 0.578 0.439 tanδ _(max) 0.1710.203 0.189 0.183 0.189 0.177 Temperature Dependence tanδ 0° C. 0.4240.389 0.393 0.429 0.412 0.433 G′ 0° C. (MPa) 6.31 9.29 9.87 9.973 8.967.65 G′ 60° C. (MPa) 2.28 3.26 3.19 3.23 3.09 2.62 tanδ 60° C. 0.1520.167 0.171 0.168 0.167 0.155

While the invention has been described with reference to a number ofembodiments, it will be understood by those skilled in the art thatvarious changes may be made and equivalents may be substituted forelements thereof without departing from the scope of the invention. Inaddition, many modifications may be made to adapt a particular situationor material to the teachings of the invention without departing fromessential scope thereof. Therefore, it is intended that the inventionnot be limited to the particular embodiment disclosed as the best modecontemplated for carrying out this invention, but that the inventionwill include all embodiments falling within the scope of the appendedclaims.

1-20. (canceled)
 21. A silane of the general formula:

wherein each occurrence of G is independently a polyvalent group derivedfrom an alkyl, alkenyl, aryl or aralkyl group with G containing from 1to 30 carbon atoms; each occurrence of R¹⁰ and R¹¹ is independently ahydrogen, an alkyl group, an alkenyl group, an aryl group, an aralkylgroup, or a monovalent heterocarbon group containing 1 to about 20carbon atoms; each occurrence of Y is independently a monovalentorganofunctional group chosen from the group consisting of mercapto,acryloxy, methacryloxy, —O—CH₂—C₂H₃O, —C₆H₉O, —CR⁶(—O—)CR⁴R⁵, —NH₂,—NHR⁴, —NR⁴R⁵, —NR⁴-L¹-NR⁵R⁶, —NR⁴-L¹(—NR⁵R⁶)₂, —NR⁴-L¹-NR⁵-L²-NR⁶R⁷,—NR⁴-L¹(—NR⁵R⁶)₃, —NR⁴-L¹-NR⁵-L²-NR⁶-L³-NR⁷R⁸, and —NR⁴-L¹-N(-L²NR⁵R⁶)₂,wherein each occurrence of L¹, L² and L³ is selected independently fromthe meanings given for G and each occurrence of R⁴, R⁵, R⁶, R⁷ and R⁸ isindependently a hydrogen, an alkyl group, an alkenyl group, an arylgroup, an aralkyl group, or a monovalent heterocarbon group containing 1to about 20 carbon atoms; each occurrence of X is independently selectedfrom the group consisting of —Cl, —Br, R¹O—, R²C(═O)O—, R¹R²C═NO—,R¹R²NO—, R¹R²N—, —R¹, —(OSiR¹R²)_(t)(OSiR¹R²R³), and —O(R¹⁰CR¹¹)_(f)OH,wherein each occurrence of R¹, R², and R³ is independently selected fromthe group consisting of straight alkyl, cyclic alkyl, branched alkyl,alkenyl, aryl, aralkyl group containing from 1 to 20 carbon atoms, andhydrogen; each occurrence of the subscript f is independently an integerfrom 1 to 15; each occurrence of the subscript t is independently aninteger from 0 to 50; and the subscript n is an integer from 3 to 100.22. The silane of claim 21 wherein G is selected from the groupconsisting of diethylene cyclohexane, diethylene benzene, phenylene,—(CH₂)_(m)— wherein m is an integer from 1 to 12, and—CH₂(CH₂)_(q)CH(CH₃)— wherein q is an integer from zero to
 17. 23. Thesilane of claim 21 wherein each occurrence of —O(R¹⁰CR¹¹)_(f)O— isindependently selected from divalent alkoxy groups derived from1,3-propanediol, 2-methyl-1,3-propanediol, 1,3-butanediol and2-methyl-2,4-pentanediol.
 24. The silane of claim 21 wherein R¹⁰ and R¹¹is each independently selected from a group consisting of hydrogen,methyl, ethyl and propyl.
 25. The silane of claim 21 wherein X is R¹O—or —O(R¹⁰CR¹¹)_(f)OH, wherein R¹ is independently selected from thegroup consisting of straight alkyl, cyclic alkyl, branched alkyl,alkenyl, aryl, aralkyl group containing from 1 to 20 carbon atoms andhydrogen; each occurrence of R¹⁰ and R¹¹ is independently a hydrogen, analkyl group, an alkenyl group, an aryl group, an aralkyl group, or amonovalent heterocarbon group containing 1 to about 20 carbon atoms; andeach occurrence of the subscript f is independently an integer from 1 to15.
 26. A silane of the general formula:

wherein each occurrence of G is independently a polyvalent group derivedfrom an alkyl, alkenyl, aryl or aralkyl group with G containing from 1to 30 carbon atoms; each occurrence of R¹⁰ and R¹¹ is independently ahydrogen, an alkyl group, an alkenyl group, an aryl group, an aralkylgroup, or a monovalent heterocarbon group containing 1 to about 20carbon atoms; each occurrence of Y is independently a monovalentorganofunctional group chosen from the group consisting of —OH,—NR⁴C(═O)OR⁵, —OC(═O)NR⁴R⁵, —NR⁴C(═O)SR⁵, —SC(═O)NR⁴R⁵, —NR⁴C(═S)OR⁵,—OC(═S)NR⁴R⁵, —NR⁴C(═S)SR⁵, —SC(═S)NR⁴R⁵, maleimide, maleate,substituted maleate, fumurate, substituted fumurate, —CN, citraconimide,—OCN, —N═C═O, —SCN, —N═C═S, —OR⁴—SR⁴, —S—SR⁴, —S—S—SR⁴, —S—S—S—SR⁴,—S—S—S—S—SR⁴, —S—S—S—S—S—SR⁴, —S_(x)R⁴, —SC(═S)OR⁴, —SC(═S)SR⁴,—SC(═O)SR⁴, —NR⁴C(═O)NR⁵R⁶, —NR⁴C(═S)NR⁵R⁶, R⁴(═O)NR⁵—, —C(═O)NR⁴R⁵—,R⁴C(═S)NR⁴—, melamine and cyanurato wherein each occurrence of R⁴, R⁵,and R⁶ is independently a hydrogen, an alkyl group, an alkenyl group, anaryl group, an aralkyl group, or a monovalent heterocarbon groupcontaining 1 to about 20 carbon atoms; and each occurrence of X isindependently selected from the group consisting of —Cl, —Br, R¹O—,R²C(═O)O—, R¹R²C═NO—, R¹R²NO—, R¹R²N—, —R¹, —(OSiR¹R²)_(t)(OSiR¹R²R³),and —O(R¹⁰CR¹¹)_(f)OH, wherein each occurrence of R¹, R², and R³ isindependently selected from the group consisting of straight alkyl,cyclic alkyl, branched alkyl, alkenyl, aryl, aralkyl group containingfrom 1 to 20 carbon atoms, and hydrogen; each occurrence of thesubscript f is independently an integer from 1 to 15; each occurrence ofthe subscript t is independently an integer from 0 to 50; and thesubscript n is an integer from 3 to
 100. 27. The silane of claim 26wherein G is selected from the group consisting of diethylenecyclohexane, diethylene benzene, phenylene, —(CH₂)_(m)— wherein m is aninteger from 1 to 12 and —CH₂ (CH₂)_(q)CH(CH₃)— wherein q is an integerfrom zero to
 17. 28. The silane of claim 26 wherein each occurrence of—O(R¹⁰CR¹¹)_(f)O— is independently selected from divalent alkoxy groupsderived from 1,3-propanediol, 2-methyl-1,3-propanediol, 1,3-butanediol,and 2-methyl-2,4-pentanediol.
 29. The silane of claim 26 wherein X isR¹O— or —O(R¹⁰CR¹¹)_(f)OH, wherein R¹ is independently selected from thegroup consisting of straight alkyl, cyclic alkyl, branched alkyl,alkenyl, aryl, aralkyl group containing from 1 to 20 carbon atoms andhydrogen; each occurrence of R¹⁰ and R¹¹ is independently a hydrogen, analkyl group, an alkenyl group, an aryl group, an aralkyl group, or amonovalent heterocarbon group containing 1 to about 20 carbon atoms; andeach occurrence of the subscript f is independently an integer from 1 to15.
 30. A silane of the general formula:

wherein each occurrence of G is independently a polyvalent group derivedfrom an alkyl, alkenyl, aryl or aralkyl group with G containing from 1to 30 carbon atoms; each occurrence of R¹⁰ and R¹¹ is independently ahydrogen, an alkyl group, an alkenyl group, an aryl group, an aralkylgroup, or a monovalent heterocarbon group containing 1 to about 20carbon atoms; each occurrence of Y is independently a monovalentorganofunctional group chosen from the group consisting of mercapto,acryloxy, methacryloxy, —O—CH₂—C₂H₃O, —C₆H₉O, —CR⁶(—O—)CR⁴R⁵, —NH₂,—NHR⁴, —NR⁴R⁵, —NR⁴-L¹-NR⁵R⁶, —NR⁴-L¹(-NR⁵R⁶)₂, —NR⁴-L¹-NR⁵-L²-NR⁶R⁷,—NR⁴-L¹(-NR⁵R⁶)₃, —NR⁴-L¹-NR⁵-L²-NR⁶-L³-NR⁷R⁸, and —NR⁴-L¹-N(-L²NR⁵R⁶)₂,wherein each occurrence of L¹, L² and L³ is selected independently fromthe meanings given for G and each occurrence of R⁴, R⁵, R⁶, R⁷ and R⁸ isindependently a hydrogen, an alkyl group, an alkenyl group, an arylgroup, an aralkyl group, or a monovalent heterocarbon group containing 1to about 20 carbon atoms; each occurrence of X is independently selectedfrom the group consisting of —Cl, —Br, R¹O—, R²C(═O)O—, R¹R²C═NO—,R¹R²NO—, R¹R²N—, —R¹, —(OSiR¹R²)_(t)(OSiR¹R²R³), and —O(R¹⁰CR¹¹)_(f)OH,wherein each occurrence of R¹, R², and R³ is independently selected fromthe group consisting of straight alkyl, cyclic alkyl, branched alkyl,alkenyl, aryl, aralkyl group containing from 1 to 20 carbon atoms andhydrogen; each occurrence of the subscript f is independently an integerfrom 1 to 15; each occurrence of the subscript t is independently andinteger from 0 to 50; and the subscript n is an integer from 3 to 100.31. The silane of claim 30 wherein G is selected from the groupconsisting of diethylene cyclohexane, diethylene benzene, phenylene,—(CH₂)_(m)— wherein m is 1 to 12 and —CH₂(CH₂)_(q)CH(CH₃)— wherein q iszero to
 17. 32. The silane of claim 30 wherein each occurrence of—O(R¹⁰CR¹¹)_(f)O— is independently selected from divalent alkoxy groupsderived from 1,3-propanediol, 2-methyl-1,3-propanediol, 1,3-butanedioland 2-methyl-2,4-pentanediol.
 33. The silane of claim 30 wherein R¹⁰ andR¹¹ is each independently selected from a group consisting of hydrogen,methyl, ethyl and propyl.
 34. The silane of claim 30 wherein X is R¹O—or —O(R¹⁰CR¹¹)_(f)OH, wherein R¹ is independently selected from thegroup consisting of straight alkyl, cyclic alkyl, branched alkyl,alkenyl, aryl, aralkyl group containing from 1 to 20 carbon atoms andhydrogen; each occurrence of R¹⁰ and R¹¹ is independently a hydrogen, analkyl group, an alkenyl group, an aryl group, an aralkyl group, or amonovalent heterocarbon group containing 1 to about 20 carbon atoms; andeach occurrence of the subscript f is independently an integer from 1 to15.
 35. A silane of the general formula:

wherein each occurrence of G is independently a polyvalent group derivedfrom an alkyl, alkenyl, aryl or aralkyl group with G containing from 1to 30 carbon atoms; each occurrence of R¹⁰ and R¹¹ is independently ahydrogen, an alkyl group, an alkenyl group, an aryl group, an aralkylgroup, or a monovalent heterocarbon group containing 1 to about 20carbon atoms; each occurrence of Y is independently a monovalentorganofunctional group chosen from the group consisting of —OH,—NR⁴C(═O)OR⁵, —OC(═O)NR⁴R⁵, —NR⁴C(═O)SR⁵, —SC(═O)NR⁴R⁵, —NR⁴C(═S)OR⁵,—OC(═S)NR⁴R⁵, —NR⁴C(═S)SR⁵, —SC(═S)NR⁴R⁵, maleimide, maleate,substituted maleate, fumurate, substituted fumurate, —CN, citraconimide,—OCN, —N═C═O, —SCN, —N═C═S, —OR⁴—SR⁴, —S—SR⁴, —S—S—SR⁴, —S—S—S—SR⁴,—S—S—S—S—SR⁴, —S—S—S—S—S—SR⁴, —S_(x)R⁴, —SC(═S)OR⁴, —SC(═S)SR⁴,—SC(═O)SR⁴, —NR⁴C(═O)NR⁵R⁶, —NR⁴C(═S)NR⁵R⁶, R⁴C(═O)NR⁵—, —C(═O)NR⁴R⁵—,R⁴C(═S)NR⁴—, melamine and cyanurato wherein each occurrence of R⁴, R⁵,and R⁶ is independently a hydrogen, an alkyl group, an alkenyl group, anaryl group, an aralkyl group, or a monovalent heterocarbon groupcontaining 1 to about 20 carbon atoms; and each occurrence of X isindependently selected from the group consisting of —Cl, —Br, R¹O—,R²C(═O)O—, R¹R²C═NO—, R¹R²NO—, R¹R²N—, —R¹, —(OSiR¹R²)_(t)(OSiR¹R²R³),and —O(R¹⁰CR¹¹)_(f)OH, wherein each occurrence of R¹, R², and R³ isindependently selected from the group consisting of straight alkyl,cyclic alkyl, branched alkyl, alkenyl, aryl, aralkyl group containingfrom 1 to 20 carbon atoms, and hydrogen; each occurrence of thesubscript f is independently an integer from 1 to 15; each occurrence ofthe subscript t is independently an integer from 0 to 50; and thesubscript n is an integer from 3 to
 100. 36. The silane of claim 35wherein G is selected from the group consisting of diethylenecyclohexane, diethylene benzene, phenylene, —(CH₂)_(m)— wherein m is aninteger from 1 to 12 and —CH₂(CH₂)_(q)CH(CH₃)— wherein q is an integerfrom zero to
 17. 37. The silane of claim 35 wherein each occurrence of—O(R¹⁰CR¹¹)_(f)O— is independently selected from divalent alkoxy groupsderived from 1,3-propanediol, 2-methyl-1,3-propanediol, 1,3-butanediol,and 2-methyl-2,4-pentanediol.
 38. The silane of claim 35 wherein X isR¹O— or —O(R¹⁰CR¹¹)_(f)OH, wherein R¹ is independently selected from thegroup consisting of straight alkyl, cyclic alkyl, branched alkyl,alkenyl, aryl, aralkyl group containing from 1 to 20 carbon atoms andhydrogen; each occurrence of R¹⁰ and R¹¹ is independently a hydrogen, analkyl group, an alkenyl group, an aryl group, an aralkyl group, or amonovalent heterocarbon group containing 1 to about 20 carbon atoms; andeach occurrence of the subscript f is independently an integer from 1 to15.
 39. A sizing for fiberglass comprising the silane of claim
 21. 40. Asizing for fiberglass comprising the silane of claim
 26. 41. A sizingfor fiberglass comprising the silane of claim
 30. 42. A sizing forfiberglass comprising the silane of claim
 35. 43. A rubber compositioncomprising (a) at least one sulfur vulcanizable rubber selected from thegroup consisting of a conjugated diene homopolymer and a copolymer, acopolymer of at least one conjugated diene and aromatic vinyl compound,and mixtures thereof; (b) at least one particulate filler; (c) least onesilane of claim 1; and, optionally, at least one curing agent.
 44. Arubber composition comprising (a) at least one sulfur vulcanizablerubber selected from the group consisting of a conjugated dienehomopolymer and a copolymer, a copolymer of at least one conjugateddiene and aromatic vinyl compound, and mixtures thereof; (b) at leastone particulate filler; (c) least one silane of claim 7; and,optionally, at least one curing agent.
 45. A rubber compositioncomprising (a) at least one sulfur vulcanizable rubber selected from thegroup consisting of a conjugated diene homopolymer and a copolymer, acopolymer of at least one conjugated diene and aromatic vinyl compound,and mixtures thereof; (b) at least one particulate filler; (c) east onesilane of claim 11; and, optionally, at least one curing agent.
 46. Arubber composition comprising (a) at least one sulfur vulcanizablerubber selected from the group consisting of a conjugated dienehomopolymer and a copolymer, a copolymer of at least one conjugateddiene and aromatic vinyl compound, and mixtures thereof; (b) at leastone particulate filler; (c) east one silane of claim 17; and,optionally, at least one curing agent.
 47. The cured rubber compositionof claim
 43. 48. The cured rubber composition of claim
 44. 49. The curedrubber composition of claim
 45. 50. The cured rubber composition ofclaim 46.